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Pa)1(t)1(hol)1(ogy a)1(nd La)1(bor)1(a)1(t)1(or)1(y )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* [(M)-2(edi)1(ci)1(ne,)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.077 Tw 4.372 0 Td [(U)-1(ni)1(ver)1(si)1(t)1(y of N)-1(or)1(t)1(h C)-1(ar)1(ol)1(i)1(na at)1( C)-1(hapel)1( H)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( School)1( of M)-2(edi)1(ci)1(ne,)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw -4.372 -1.102 Td [(and C)-1(o)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.872 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.334 0 Td [(R)-1(eci)1(pi)1(ent)1( of)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.935 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.251 0 Td [(t)1(he 2007 N)-1(obel)1( P)-1(r)1(i)1(ze i)1(n P)-1(hysi)1(ol)1(ogy or)1( M)-2(edi)1(ci)1(ne.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 19.938 0 Td ( )Tj 0.251 0 Td ( )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -28.582 -1.41 Td [(Ri)1(c)1(har)1(d J)1(.)1( Bol)1(t)1(e)1(,)1( Sr)1(.)1(,)1( Awa)]TJ 10.485 0 Td [(rd f)1(or Support)1(i)1(ng Indust)1(ri)1(es)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 11.296 0 Td ( )Tj /TT3 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -21.781 -1.404 Td [(To D)-1(a)1(vi)1(d a)1(nd A)-1(l)1(i)1(c)1(e)1( Sc)1(hw)-1(a)1(r)1(t)1(z)1(,)1( Founde)1(r)1(s)1(,)1( Bi)1(o)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.124 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.334 0 Td [(R)-1(ad L)-1(aborat)1(ori)1(es.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.444 0 Td ( )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -25.902 -1.404 Td [(C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(s)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.682 0 Td (-)Tj 0.001 Tc 0.334 0 Td [( C)-2(lu)-1(b)]TJ 0 Tc 2.204 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.334 0 Td [(S W)-1(i)1(nt)1(hrop)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 4.88 0 Td [(Sears M)-1(edal)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.047 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.476 Tw -16.481 -1.41 Td [(To Zs)1(ol)1(t)1( Rum)-1(y,)1( Cha)1(i)1(r)1(m)-1(a)1(n,)1( Pr)1(e)1(s)1(i)1(de)1(nt)1(,)1( a)1(nd CEO)-1(,)1( Zol)1(t)1(e)1(k Com)-1(pa)1(ni)1(e)1(s)1(,)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* [(I)1(nc)1(or)1(por)1(a)1(t)1(e)1(d.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 479.2399 297.48 Tm (S)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 485.8317 297.48 Tm (HORT )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 517.78 297.48 Tm (E)Tj -0.005 Tc 0.005 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 525.7839 297.48 Tm [(SSA)-8(Y)-8(S)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 556.7067 297.48 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 283.44 Tm [(C)-1(om)-1(pi)1(l)1(at)1(i)1(on of)1( a R)-1(egi)1(st)1(er of)1( H)-1(i)1(st)1(ori)]TJ 15.365 0 Td [(c C)-1(h)-1(em)-2(i)1(cal C)-1(ollecti)1(on)-1(s)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.761 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.136 Tw -25.126 -1.404 Td [(Som)-1(e)1(t)2(hi)2(ng of)1( a)1( m)-1(i)2(l)2(e)1(s)1(t)2(one)1( w)-1(a)1(s)1( r)1(e)1(c)1(e)1(nt)2(l)2(y r)1(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(d,)1( t)2(he)1( 50 m)-1(i)2(l)2(l)2(i)2(ont)2(h r)1(e)1(c)1(or)1(de)1(d )]TJ 0.08 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(m)-1(ol)1(ecul)1(e i)1(n t)1(he )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.081 Tw 6.684 0 Td [(C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(cal)1( A)-1(bst)1(ract)1(s)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 7.973 0 Td [( d)-1(atab)-1(ase \()-1(f)-1(o)-1(r th)-1(e reco)-1(rd)-1(, it w)-2(as )]TJ 0.2 0.2 0.2 scn 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 13.449 0 Td (\(5)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Z)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.395 0 Td (\))Tj 0.334 0 Td (-)Tj 0.336 0 Td (5)Tj 0.502 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -30.673 -1.102 Td ([\(5)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.507 0 Td [(Fl)2(uor)1(o)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 3.014 0 Td (2)Tj 0.502 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(hydr)1(oxyphenyl)1(\))1(m)-1(et)1(hyl)1(ene])]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.929 0 Td (-)Tj 0.336 0 Td (2)Tj 0.502 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.336 0 Td (\(4)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.173 0 Td [(m)-1(et)1(hyl)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.789 0 Td (-)Tj 0.336 0 Td (1)Tj 0.502 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(pi)1(per)1(azi)1(nyl)1(\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.85 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.336 0 Td (4\(5)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (H)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.064 0 Td (\))Tj 0.334 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.081 Tw -30.181 -1.102 Td [(t)1(hi)1(azol)1(one\))1( \(1)]TJ [(\))1(.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s)1( of c)1(our)1(s)1(e)1( m)-1(e)1(a)1(ns)1( t)1(ha)1(t)1( t)1(he)1(r)1(e)1( i)1(s)1( a)1(t)1( l)1(e)1(a)1(s)1(t)1( one)1( r)1(e)1(por)1(t)1( i)1(n t)1(he)1( )]TJ T* [(l)1(i)1(t)1(er)1(at)1(ur)1(e of a m)-1(ol)1(ecul)1(e t)1(hat)1( i)1(s t)1(hought)1( t)1(o have t)1(hat)1( st)1(r)1(uct)1(ur)1(e.)1( I)1(t)1( i)1(s a si)1(gn of )]TJ 0.059 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(he t)1(i)1(m)-1(es t)1(hat)1( such a r)1(epor)1(t)1( now)-1(adays i)1(s al)1(m)-1(ost)1( as l)1(i)1(kel)1(y t)1(o be a cal)1(cul)1(at)1(i)1(on )]TJ 0.007 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(on a m)-1(ol)1(ecul)1(e of t)1(hat)1( com)-1(posi)1(t)1(i)1(o)]TJ 13.23 0 Td [(n as an act)1(ual)1( synt)1(hesi)1(s and char)1(act)1(er)1(i)1(zat)1(i)1(on )]TJ 0.135 Tw -13.23 -1.108 Td [(of i)1(t)1(s pr)1(oper)1(t)1(i)1(es;)1( i)1(t)1( m)-1(ay even be par)1(t)1( of a com)-1(bi)1(nat)1(or)1(i)1(al)1( l)1(i)1(br)1(ar)1(y w)-1(her)1(e t)1(he )]TJ 0.01 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(m)-1(ol)1(ecul)1(e m)-1(ay)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.67 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.01 Tw 0.362 0 Td [(or)1( m)-1(ay not)1( be pr)1(esent)1( i)1(n a m)-1(i)1(xt)1(ur)1(e of si)1(m)-1(i)1(l)1(ar)1( com)-1(pounds.)1( I)1(t)1( i)1(s )]TJ 0.353 Tw -6.033 -1.102 Td [(al)1(so probabl)1(y t)1(rue t)1(hat)1( onl)1(y a very t)1(i)1(ny )1(fract)1(i)1(on of t)1(hese)]TJ 0.001 Tc 25.895 0 Td [( 5)-1(0)-1( m)-2(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(o)-1(n)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.01 Tw -25.895 -1.108 Td [(m)-1(ol)1(ecul)1(es ar)1(e act)1(ual)1(l)1(y i)1(n exi)1(st)1(ence at)1( any m)-1(om)-1(ent)1( i)1(n t)1(i)1(m)-1(e as sam)-1(pl)1(es hel)1(d i)1(n )]TJ 0.038 Tw T* [(a speci)1(m)-1(en t)1(ube.)1( W)-3(ho know)-1(s w)-1(hat)1( t)1(hat)1( fract)1(i)1(on m)-1(ay be;)1( I can onl)1(y hazard a )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(guess t)1(hat)1( i)1(t)1( i)1(s l)1(ess t)1(han 1%)-3(;)1( w)-1(oul)1(d anyone l)1(i)1(ke t)1(o offer)1( a di)1(ffer)1(ent)1( est)1(i)1(m)-1(at)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 29.782 0 Td (e)Tj 0.546 0 Td (? )Tj 0.695 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.117 Tw -31.023 -1.41 Td [(W)-2(hi)1(c)1(h br)1(i)1(ngs)]TJ [( m)-1(e)1( t)1(o t)1(he)1( t)1(he)1(m)-1(e)1( of)1( t)1(hi)1(s)1( a)1(r)1(t)1(i)1(c)1(l)1(e)1(;)1( t)1(he)1( put)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(ve)1( e)1(xi)1(s)1(t)1(e)1(nc)1(e)1( of)1( t)1(he)1( )]TJ 0.153 Tw T* [(fi)1(r)1(st)1( aut)1(hent)1(i)1(c sam)-1(pl)1(es of m)-1(ol)1(ecul)1(es,)1( ver)1(y pr)1(obabl)1(y m)-1(ade by t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s )]TJ 0.085 Tw T* [(w)-1(ho fi)1(r)1(st)1( r)1(epor)1(t)1(ed t)1(hei)1(r)1( synt)1(hesi)1(s.)1( Such sam)-1(pl)1(es ar)1(e l)1(i)1(kel)1(y t)1(o be ver)1(y m)-1(uch )]TJ 0.095 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(r)1(a)1(r)1(e)1(r)1( t)1(ha)1(n e)1(ve)1(n 1%)-3( of 50 m)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(on.)1( I)1(nde)1(e)1(d,)1( i)]TJ 17.887 0 Td [(t)1( i)1(s t)1(he ver)1(y uncer)1(t)1(ai)1(nt)1(y of how)-1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw -17.887 -1.102 Td [(m)-1(any such col)1(l)1(ect)1(i)1(ons exi)1(st)1( t)1(hat)1( i)1(s t)1(he pur)1(pose of t)1(hi)1(s r)1(equest)1(.)1( )]TJ 0 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw 25.096 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 628.4047 65.46 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (8)Tj (-)Tj 0.834 0 Td ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 9 0 obj <>stream HtV tW>$WƲт<R!F0M0&W1!$ZDJ=124E13*EGYjg}ο{ųfg%@!>^8gf /d~55"0ٺE@N/͹ xeۧ~5Hy>)Ky%X1}fλ(_fQaa/Ȯ+ oŇ3_)6|m퓧w]FKpe,1kC_37ֽ'F+x7o?A/ڡ=ݎѻ"P| R|2"q]-t6i:󌿫8^<lJ|,B"C4b 0FJ!x=&#(FV+o7|SYx8,|.o~#z=c _ìE# 'G`qxs1+ȟhCPCe5[ ~q\Hԑ*:t TklTBH nAmECT;7Q7:l+)6) q[e8oIfQsx@2~97vG9dž|#m^⯂I=P*CboBY5x xa^G=%OH#jCG8/)o=߀&h`)/># ~TLٛ[t~+;U?oc`~[xi Edudmn;vq>%HS9US =viz~d4 DGb2$S'pO3kJZKt~%| 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fi)1(r)1(st)1( )]TJ 0.296 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(sam)-1(pl)1(e ever i)1(sol)1(at)1(ed of el)1(em)-1(ent)1(al)1( brom)-1(i)1(ne,)1( by B)-1(al)1(ard as i)1(t)1( happens.)1( I )]TJ 0.2 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(com)-1(pl)1(et)1(ed m)-1(y i)1(nt)1(ervi)1(ew)-1( and di)1(d not)1( encount)1(er t)1(h)]TJ 21.173 0 Td [(at)1( box agai)1(n unt)1(i)1(l)1( very )]TJ 0.058 Tw -21.173 -1.102 Td [(m)-1(any year)1(s l)1(at)1(er)1(.)1( B)-1(ut)1( i)1(t)1(s hi)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(cal)1( si)1(gni)1(fi)1(cance cont)1(i)1(nued t)1(o fasci)1(nat)1(e;)1( w)-1(er)1(e )]TJ 0.051 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(t)1(hese sam)-1(pl)1(es r)1(eal)1(l)1(y w)-1(hat)1( t)1(hey pur)1(por)1(t)1(ed t)1(o be?)2( \(an oppor)1(t)1(uni)1(t)1(y ar)1(ose a few)-1( )]TJ 0.16 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(year)1(s back t)1(o t)1(est)1( t)1(hi)1(s for)1( t)1(he or)1(i)1(gi)1(nal)1( Far)1(aday sam)-1(pl)1(e of benzene,)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw T* [(tu)-1(r)]TJ 0.002 Tc [(ned out)1( i)1(n t)1(he event)1( t)1(o be r)1(em)-1(ar)1(kabl)1(y pur)1(e\))1( \(2\))1(.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 20.38 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.431 Tw -20.38 -1.41 Td [(M)-2(y ow)-1(n chance t)1(o i)1(nvest)1(i)1(gat)1(e t)1(hi)1(s t)1(hem)-1(e cam)-1(e i)1(n 2004,)1( w)-1(hen t)1(he )]TJ 0.239 Tw T* [(M)-2(anchest)1(er M)-2(useum)-1( of S)-1(ci)1(ence and T)-1(echnol)1(ogy fel)1(t)1( i)1(t)1( coul)1(d no l)1(onger )]TJ 0.354 Tw T* [(house t)1(he hi)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(c 120 year)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12.24 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.354 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(ol)1(d A)-2(r)1(m)-1(st)1(r)1(ong)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.001 Tc 0.355 Tw 6.576 0 Td [(W)-3(y)-1(n)-1(n)-1(e \()-1(A)-2(W)-3(\) co)-1(llectio)-1(n)-1( o)-1(f)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -19.152 -1.108 Td [(napht)1(hal)]TJ 0.118 Tw 3.457 0 Td [(enes,)1( and cont)1(act)1(ed t)1(he archi)1(vi)1(st)1( A)-2(nne B)-1(arret)1(t)1( at)1( Im)-1(peri)1(al)1( C)-1(ol)1(l)1(ege )]TJ 0.165 Tw -3.457 -1.102 Td [(aski)1(ng w)-1(het)1(her she coul)1(d t)1(ake over t)1(hi)1(s col)1(l)1(ect)1(i)1(on \(t)1(he sam)-1(pl)1(es ha)1(d been )]TJ 0.2 Tw T* [(or)1(i)1(gi)1(nal)1(l)1(y synt)1(hesi)1(sed at)1( I)1(m)-1(per)1(i)1(al)1( C)-1(ol)1(l)1(ege\))1(.)1( H)-1(ad t)1(he answ)-1(er)1( been no,)1( t)1(he )]TJ 0.101 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(pr)1(obabi)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(y w)-1(as t)1(hat)1( t)1(he sam)-1(pl)1(es w)-1(oul)1(d have)]TJ 18.456 0 Td [( been dest)1(r)1(oyed.)1( I)1( m)-1(anaged t)1(o )]TJ 0.237 Tw -18.456 -1.102 Td [(r)1(e)1(s)1(c)1(ue)1( t)1(he)1( c)1(ol)1(l)1(e)1(c)1(t)1(i)1(on w)-1(i)1(t)1(h t)1(he)1( a)1(i)1(d of a)1( one)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.634 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.237 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(off gr)1(ant)1( fr)1(om)-1( t)1(he A)-2(r)1(t)1(s and )]TJ 0.995 Tw -18.97 -1.102 Td [(H)-1(um)-1(ani)1(t)1(i)1(es R)-1(esear)1(ch C)-1(ounci)1(l)1(.)1( T)-1(he A)-2(W)-2( col)1(l)1(ect)1(i)1(on had been )]TJ 0.047 Tw T* [(com)-1(prehensi)1(vel)1(y cat)1(al)1(ogued w)-1(hi)1(l)1(st)1( st)2(i)1(l)1(l)1( l)1(ocat)1(ed at)1( M)-2(anchest)1(er;)1( at)1( Im)-1(peri)1(al)1( a )]TJ 0.362 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(num)-1(ber)1( of t)1(hese sam)-1(pl)]TJ 10.207 0 Td [(es w)-1(ere t)1(hen subj)1(ect)1(ed t)1(o furt)1(her anal)1(ysi)1(s and )]TJ -0.002 Tw -10.207 -1.102 Td [(cryst)1(al)1(l)1(ography)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.245 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.36 0 Td (to)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.781 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.36 0 Td [(ver)1(i)1(fy)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 2.758 0 Td [(th)-1(e)-1(ir)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 2.2 0 Td [(id)-1(e)-1(n)-1(tity)-1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.008 Tw 3.678 0 Td [(A)-2(rm)-1(st)1(rong and W)-3(ynne w)-1(ere spot)1( on )]TJ 0.023 Tw -16.382 -1.108 Td [(for)1( t)1(he t)1(hr)1(ee st)1(r)1(uct)1(ur)1(es \(usi)1(ng 120 year)1( ol)1(d cr)1(yst)1(al)1(s\))1( w)-1(e so ver)1(i)1(fi)1(ed \(3\))1(!)1( S)-1(uch )]TJ 0.257 Tw T* [(for)1(ensi)1(c anal)1(ysi)1(s has m)-1(or)1(e r)1(ecent)1(l)1(y been r)1(ecent)1(l)1(y per)1(f)]TJ 23.411 0 Td [(or)1(m)-1(ed on anot)1(her)1( )]TJ 0.174 Tw -23.411 -1.102 Td [(hi)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(c col)1(l)1(ect)1(i)1(on w)-1(i)1(t)1(h r)1(esonance for)1( I)1(m)-1(per)1(i)1(al)1( C)-1(ol)1(l)1(ege;)1( t)1(he ani)1(l)1(i)1(ne)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 28.108 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(pur)1(pl)1(e )]TJ 0.041 Tw -28.444 -1.108 Td [(sam)-1(pl)1(es associ)1(at)1(ed w)-1(i)1(t)1(h W)-2(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(am)-1( P)-1(erki)1(n \(4\),)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch resul)1(t)1(ed i)1(n ext)1(endi)1(ng t)1(he )]TJ 0.063 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(fam)-1(i)1(l)1(y of com)-1(pounds pr)1(esent)1( i)1(n t)1(he m)-1(i)1(xt)1(ur)1(es know)-1(n as m)-1(auvei)1(ne t)1(o ar)1(ound )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(en fr)1(om)-1( t)1(he t)1(h)]TJ 5.939 0 Td [(r)1(e)1(e)1( pr)1(e)1(vi)1(ous)1(l)1(y m)-1(oot)1(e)1(d.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.229 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.089 Tw -15.168 -1.41 Td [(O)-1(ne fur)1(t)1(her)1( m)-1(em)-1(or)1(y t)1(akes t)1(hi)1(s t)1(hem)-1(e a fur)1(t)1(her)1( st)1(ep.)1( I)1( ended up doi)1(ng bot)1(h )]TJ 0.181 Tw T* [(m)-1(y fi)1(r)1(st)1( and second degr)1(ees at)1( I)1(m)-1(per)1(i)1(al)1( C)-1(ol)1(l)1(ege,)1( and fr)1(equent)1(l)1(y at)1(t)1(ended )]TJ 0.176 Tw T* [(l)1(ect)1(ur)1(es i)1(n \221)1(T)-1(heat)1(r)1(e D)-1(\222)1(,)1( w)-1(her)1(e at)1( t)1(he t)1(i)1(m)-1(e D)-1(er)1(ek B)-1(ar)1(t)1(on pr)1(esi)1(ded.)1( A)-2(t)1( t)1(he )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD (back)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.895 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.452 0 Td (of)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 1.289 0 Td [(th)-1(is)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.451 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.452 0 Td [(th)-1(e)-1(a)-1(tre)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.731 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.452 0 Td [(w)-2(e)-1(re)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.402 0 Td [(al)1(so)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.069 0 Td [(di)1(spl)1(ay)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.9 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.452 0 Td [(cabi)1(net)1(s,)1( and)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.241 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.452 0 Td [(t)1(hese hel)1(d sam)-1(pl)1(es of )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.867 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 205.8847 61.44 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (9)Tj (-)Tj 0.834 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.373 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 529.44 Tm [(nat)1(ur)1(al)1( pr)1(oduct)1(s i)1(sol)1(at)1(ed dur)1(i)1(ng t)1(he heyday of such chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y i)1(n t)1(he )]TJ 0.076 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(depar)1(t)1(m)-1(ent)1( i)1(n t)1(he 1920s;)1( t)1(her)1(e w)-1(er)1(e at)1( l)1(east)1( 1000 sam)-1(pl)1(es,)1( per)1(haps m)-1(or)1(e \(I)1( )]TJ 0.005 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(have )-1(no )-1(i)1(dea i)1(f a cat)1(al)1(ogue of t)1(he col)1(l)1(ect)1(i)1(on)]TJ 17.559 0 Td [( e)1(xi)2(s)1(t)2(e)1(d\))1(.)1( Som)-1(e)1(one)1( t)2(ol)2(d m)-1(e)1( a)1(t)2( t)2(he)1( )]TJ 0.064 Tw -17.559 -1.102 Td [(t)1(i)1(m)-1(e t)1(hat)1( not)1( a few)-1( of t)1(he or)1(gani)1(sm)-1(s w)-1(hose m)-1(et)1(abol)1(i)1(sm)-1( had pr)1(oduced t)1(hese )]TJ 0.217 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(com)-1(pounds had now)-1( m)-1(ut)1(at)1(ed,)1( and)1( t)1(hat)1( t)1(hese nat)1(ural)1( product)1( m)-1(et)1(abol)1(i)1(t)1(es )]TJ 0.322 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(w)-1(er)1(e now)-1( i)1(n effect)1( ext)1(i)1(nct)1(.)1( Si)1(nce t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s of t)1(he 1920s had few)-1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(spect)1(roscop)]TJ 0.068 Tw 4.74 0 Td [(i)1(c t)1(echni)1(ques w)-1(i)1(t)1(h w)-1(hi)1(ch t)1(o ascer)1(t)1(ai)1(n t)1(he st)1(r)1(uct)1(ur)1(es,)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch w)-1(er)1(e )]TJ 0.167 Tw -4.74 -1.102 Td [(nor)1(m)-1(al)1(l)1(y i)1(dent)1(i)1(fi)1(ed by t)1(he sam)-1(e m)-1(et)1(hods t)1(hat)1( A)-2(r)1(m)-1(st)1(r)1(ong and W)-2(ynne had )]TJ 0.05 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(adopt)1(ed,)1( nam)-1(el)1(y degradat)1(i)1(on t)1(o know)-1(n speci)1(es,)1( I agai)1(n pondered how)-1( m)-1(any )]TJ 0.123 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(of t)1(hese 1000+ st)1(r)1(uct)1(ur)1(es w)-1(er)1(e cor)1(r)1(ect)1( and how)-1( m)-1(an)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.124 Tw 22.024 0 Td [(y)-1( m)-2(ig)-1(h)-1(t b)-1(e)-1( in)-1( e)-1(rro)-1(r. I )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.083 Tw -22.024 -1.102 Td [(never)1( got)1( t)1(he chance t)1(o fi)1(nd out)1(,)1( si)1(nce aft)1(er)1( B)-1(ar)1(t)1(on l)1(eft)1( t)1(he depar)1(t)1(m)-1(ent)1(,)1( t)1(he )]TJ 0.089 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(col)1(l)1(ect)1(i)1(on di)1(ssi)1(pat)1(ed.)1( S)-1(o t)1(o di)1(d t)1(he H)-1(ofm)-1(ann C)-1(ol)1(l)1(ect)1(i)1(on,)1( creat)1(ed by A)-2(ugust)1( )]TJ 0.286 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(von H)-1(ofm)-1(ann w)-1(hen he w)-1(as t)1(he fi)1(r)1(st)1( pr)1(ofessor)1( of or)1(gani)1(c chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y at)1( )]TJ 0.158 Tw T* [(I)1(m)-1(pe)1(r)1(i)1(a)1(l)1( Col)]TJ 5.261 0 Td [(l)1(ege i)1(n t)1(he 1850s.)1( N)-1(o cat)1(al)1(ogue i)1(s know)-1(n \(t)1(o m)-1(e at)1( l)1(east)1(\))1( t)1(o )]TJ 0.228 Tw -5.261 -1.108 Td [(exi)1(st)1(,)1( ei)1(t)1(her of t)1(he ori)1(gi)1(nal)1(,)1( or t)1(he ext)1(ant)1( sam)-1(p)1(l)1(es.)1( L)-1(i)1(kew)-1(i)1(se t)1(he fam)-1(ous )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(col)1(l)1(ect)1(i)1(on of pht)1(hal)1(ocyani)1(nes m)-1(ade)1( by L)-1(i)1(nst)1(ead i)1(n t)1(he 1930s.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 24.62 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.055 Tw -24.62 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(hi)1(s has l)1(ead m)-1(e t)1(o ponder)1( how)-1( m)-1(any shi)1(ni)1(ng exam)-1(pl)1(es of m)-1(or)1(e)]TJ 26.575 0 Td [( successful)1( )]TJ 0.079 Tw -26.575 -1.102 Td [(curat)1(i)1(on of our chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( sam)-1(pl)1(e heri)1(t)1(age m)-1(i)2(ght)2( exi)1(st)1( el)1(sew)-1(here,)1( i)1(n t)1(he U)-1(K)-1(,)1( )]TJ 0.235 Tw T* [(or)1( i)1(ndeed fur)1(t)1(her)1( afi)1(el)1(d.)1( So m)-1(i)1(ght)1( I)1( cal)1(l)1( for)1( anyone w)-1(ho know)-1(s of any )]TJ 0.059 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(coherent)1( or t)1(hem)-1(ed col)1(l)1(ect)1(i)1(ons of cat)1(al)1(ogued chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( sam)-1(pl)1(es t)1(hat)1( deserve )]TJ 0.136 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(w)-1(i)1(der)1( di)1(ssem)-1(i)1(nat)1(i)1(on?)2( I)1(f )]TJ 10.14 0 Td [(you do,)1( pl)1(ease em)-1(ai)1(l)1( m)-1(e at)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 11.39 0 Td ( )Tj 0.051 0.051 0.051 scn 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.388 0 Td [(r)1(z)1(e)1(pa)1(@)-1(i)1(m)-1(pe)1(r)1(i)1(a)1(l)1(.)1(a)1(c)1(.)1(uk)]TJ 0 0 0 scn 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw (. )Tj 0.002 Tc -21.917 -1.102 Td [(A)-2(ny responses w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( be docum)-1(ent)1(ed i)1(n t)1(he next)1( new)-1(sl)1(et)1(t)1(er.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 23.422 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 1.509 -1.108 Td [(H)-1(enr)1(y S R)-1(zepa)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.078 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -10.261 -1.102 Td [(D)-1(epar)1(t)1(m)-1(ent)1( of C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.261 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -10.149 -1.102 Td [(I)1(m)-1(pe)1(r)1(i)1(a)1(l)1( Col)1(l)1(e)1(ge)1( London)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.149 0 Td ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -31.009 -1.108 Td [(R)-1(ef)1(erences:)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.017 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -5.017 -1.404 Td (\(1\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 2.139 0 Td [(Se)1(e)1( t)2(he)1( a)1(r)1(t)2(i)2(c)1(l)2(e)1( a)1(t)2( )]TJ 0.001 Tc T* [(h)-1(ttp)-1(:/)5(/)5(w)-2(w)]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 3.84 0 Td [(w)-1(.)1(cas.)1(or)1(g/)6(new)-1(sevent)1(s/)6(r)1(el)1(eases/)6(50m)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(ont)1(h090809.)1(ht)1(m)-1(l)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 22.266 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -28.245 -1.41 Td (\(2\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.087 Tw 2.139 0 Td [(V)-2(i)1(deo fi)1(l)1(m)-1(s of John C)-1(adogan\222s R)-1(oyal)1( Inst)1(i)1(t)1(ut)1(i)1(on l)1(ect)1(ure on t)1(he t)1(hem)-1(e )]TJ 0.841 Tw T* [(can be vi)1(ew)-1(ed by subscri)1(bi)1(ng t)1(o t)1(he fol)1(l)1(ow)-1(i)1(ng podcast)1(:)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* [(ht)1(t)1(p:)1(/)6(/)6(w)-1(w)-1(w)-1(.)1(ch.)1(i)1(m)-1(per)1(i)1(al)1(.)1(ac.)1(uk/)6(vi)1(deo/)6(i)1(ndex.)1(r)1(ss)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -2.139 -1.41 Td ( \(3\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.422 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.716 0 Td [(O)-1(ur)1( pr)1(oj)1(ect)1( i)1(s descr)1(i)1(bed )]TJ 9.87 0 Td [(at)1( t)1(hi)1(s si)1(t)1(e:)1( ht)1(t)1(p:)1(/)6(/)5(w)-1(ww)-1(.)1(arm)-1(s)1(t)1(rongw)-1(ynne.)1(org/)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.029 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -30.037 -1.404 Td (\(4\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 2.139 0 Td [(M)-2(.)1(M)-2(.)1( S)-1(ousa,)1( M)-2(.)1(J.)1( M)-2(el)1(o,)1( A)-2(.)1(J.)1( P)-1(arol)1(a,)1( P)-1(.)1(J.)1(T)-1(.)1( M)-2(orri)1(s,)1( H)-1(.)1(S)-1(.)1( R)-1(zepa and J.)1(S)-1(.)1( )]TJ T* [(Se)1(i)2(xa)1(s)1( de)1( M)-1(e)1(l)2(o,)1( \221)1(A)-1( s)1(t)2(udy i)2(n M)-1(a)1(uve)1(.)1( U)-1(nve)1(i)2(l)2(i)2(ng Pe)1(r)1(ki)2(n\222)1(s)1( D)-1(ye)1( i)2(n H)-1(i)2(s)1(t)2(or)1(i)2(c)1( )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0 -1.108 TD [(S)-1(am)-2(p)-1(l)1(es\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 4.239 0 Td [(C)-1(hem)-1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (\226)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 3.095 0 Td [(Eur)1(.)1( J)1(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.705 0 Td [(,)1( 2008,)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.002 Tw (14)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.001 Tw [(,)1( 8507)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 6.862 0 Td [(8513.)1( D)-1(O)-1(I)1(:)1( )]TJ 0 0 0.937 scn -0.002 Tw -16.901 -1.102 Td [(10.)1(1002/)6(chem)-1(.)1(200800718)]TJ 0 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 479.2399 108.42 Tm (Recollections of AID 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-1.102 Td [(w)-2(rite)-1( th)-1(e)-1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 3.792 0 Td [(O)-1(ri)1(gi)1(n.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.929 0 Td ( )Tj 0.251 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.413 Tw -6.971 -1.506 Td [(T)-1(he for)1(m)-1(i)1(dabl)1(e Lor)1(d K)-1(el)1(vi)1(n \(W)-2(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(am)-1( T)-1(hom)-1(son,)1( 1827)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 24.319 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.413 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(1913\))1( opposed )]TJ 0.232 Tw -24.655 -1.102 Td [(D)-1(ar)1(w)-1(i)1(n\222)1(s evol)1(ut)1(i)1(onar)1(y vi)1(ew)-1(s because he t)1(hought)1( t)1(hat)1( t)1(hey negl)1(ect)1(ed t)1(he )]TJ 0.144 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(basi)1(c l)1(aw)-1(s of physi)1(cs,)1( r)1(at)1(her)1( t)1(han for)1( t)1(heol)1(ogi)1(cal)1( r)1(easons,)1( w)-1(r)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(n)]TJ 26.927 0 Td [(g i)1(n 1862 )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -26.927 -1.102 Td (\205)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.055 Tw 1.004 0 Td [(w)-1(hat)1( t)1(hen are w)-1(e t)1(o t)1(hi)1(nk of)1( such general)1( est)1(i)1(m)-1(at)1(es of)1( 300,)1(000,)1(000 years )]TJ 0.143 Tw -1.004 -1.102 Td [(f)1(or t)1(he \221)1(denudat)1(i)1(on of)1( t)1(he W)-2(eal)1(d\222)1(? )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.002 Tw 15.031 0 Td (\(10\))Tj 0.001 Tc 0.144 Tw [( O)-2(n)-1( th)-1(e assu)-1(m)-2(p)-1(tio)-1(n)-1( th)-1(at th)-1(e E)-1(arth)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.016 Tw -15.031 -1.108 Td [(w)-1(as cool)1(i)1(ng fr)1(om)-1( i)1(t)1(s m)-1(ol)1(t)1(en r)1(ock cor)1(e,)1( K)-1(el)1(vi)1(n cal)1(cul)1(at)1(ed t)1(hat)1( i)1(t)1( w)-1(as bet)1(w)-1(een )]TJ 0.012 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(20 and 400 m)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(on yea)]TJ [(r)1(s)1( ol)1(d \(11\))1(;)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 194.1667 305.46 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.012 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 195.7993 301.44 Tm [(i)1(n 1895,)1( usi)1(ng new)-1(er)1( dat)1(a on r)1(ock t)1(her)1(m)-1(al)1( )]TJ 0.072 Tw -13.964 -1.102 Td [(conduct)1(i)1(vi)1(t)1(i)1(es,)1( he est)1(i)1(m)-1(at)1(ed i)1(t)1( t)1(o be nearer 20 m)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(on t)1(han 40 m)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(on years )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(\(12\))1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 75.8849 283.44 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.142 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 78.8088 279.42 Tm [(D)-1(ar)1(w)-1(i)1(n,)1( i)1(n a l)1(et)1(t)1(er)1( of 1864 w)-1(r)1(ot)1(e \221)1(I)1( am)-1( gr)1(eat)1(l)1(y t)1(r)1(oubl)1(ed at)1( t)1(he shor)1(t)1( )]TJ 0.175 Tw -2.218 -1.102 Td [(dur)1(at)1(i)1(on of t)1(he w)-1(or)1(l)1(d accor)1(di)1(ng t)1(o Si)1(r)1( W)-2( T)-1(hom)-1(so)]TJ 21.318 0 Td [(n,)1( for)1( I)1( r)1(equi)1(r)1(e for)1( m)-1(y )]TJ 0.134 Tw -21.318 -1.102 Td [(t)1(heor)1(et)1(i)1(cal)1( vi)1(ew)-1(s a ver)1(y l)1(ong per)1(i)1(od fr)1(om)-1( befor)1(e t)1(he C)-1(am)-1(br)1(i)1(an for)1(m)-1(at)1(i)1(on\222)1( )]TJ 0.011 Tw T* [(\(13\))1(.)1( I)1(t)1( w)-1(as anot)1(her)1( chem)-1(i)1(st)1(,)1( E)-1(r)1(nest)1( R)-1(ut)1(her)1(for)1(d \(1871)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 21.636 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.011 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(1913\))1( \(14\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 318.1691 250.44 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.011 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 319.7856 246.42 Tm [(w)-1(ho w)-1(as t)1(o )]TJ 0.007 Tw -26.412 -1.102 Td [(show)-1( t)1(hat)1( D)-1(arw)-1(i)1(n had a surer grasp of t)1(he E)-1(art)1(h\222s great)1( ant)1(i)1(qui)1(t)1(y.)1( R)-1(ut)1(herford )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(b)-1(e)-1(lie)]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw (ved)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 3.767 0 Td [(t)1(hat)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.506 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.366 0 Td [(th)-1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.227 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.366 0 Td [(Ea)1(r)1(t)1(h\222)1(s)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.899 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.366 0 Td [(i)1(nt)1(er)1(nal)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.066 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.366 0 Td (heat)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.672 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.366 0 Td [(w)-1(as)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.561 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.366 0 Td [(dr)1(i)1(ven)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.931 0 Td (by)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.014 Tw 1.37 0 Td [(r)1(a)1(di)1(oa)1(c)1(t)1(i)1(vi)1(t)1(y,)1( a)1(nd t)1(ha)1(t)1( )]TJ 0.033 Tw -22.197 -1.108 Td [(anal)1(ysi)1(s of radi)1(oact)1(i)1(ve m)-1(i)1(neral)1(s and t)1(he hal)1(f)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 17.934 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.033 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(l)1(i)1(ves of t)1(hei)1(r)1( const)1(i)1(t)1(uent)1(s coul)1(d )]TJ 0.099 Tw -18.27 -1.102 Td [(dat)1(e t)1(hese anci)1(ent)1( m)-1(at)1(er)1(i)1(al)1(s.)1( H)-1(e announced t)1(hi)1(s i)1(n 1904 \(15\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 307.2304 206.46 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.099 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 309.7214 202.44 Tm [(and l)1(at)1(er \(16\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 365.57 206.46 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.142 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 56.7199 191.46 Tm [(est)1(i)1(m)-1(at)1(ed t)1(he age of t)1(erres)]TJ 11.108 0 Td [(t)1(r)1(i)1(al)1( r)1(adi)1(oact)1(i)1(ve or)1(es as bet)1(w)-1(een 500 and 1,)1(000 )]TJ 0.114 Tw -11.108 -1.108 Td [(m)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(on year)1(s,)1( fr)1(om)-1( t)1(he am)-1(ount)1( of hel)1(i)1(um)-1( for)1(m)-1(ed by r)1(adi)1(um)-1( )1(di)1(si)1(nt)1(egr)1(at)1(i)1(on )]TJ 0.042 Tw T* [(t)1(r)1(apped )-1(i)1(n )-1(t)1(he m)-1(i)1(ner)1(al)1(s.)1( S)-1(ubsequent)1(l)1(y,)1( usi)1(ng dat)1(a on t)1(he cont)1(ent)1( of act)1(i)1(ni)1(um)-1( )]TJ 0.046 Tw T* [(i)1(n ur)1(ani)1(um)-1( or)1(es,)1( he cal)1(cul)1(at)1(ed a dat)1(e of 3.)1(4x10)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 247.6313 162.48 Tm (9)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.046 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 250.6313 158.46 Tm [( \(3.)1(4 bi)1(l)1(l)]TJ 3.525 0 Td [(i)1(on\))1( year)1(s \(17\))1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 348.0492 162.48 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 350.0182 158.46 Tm [(T)-1(he )]TJ 0.271 Tw -29.448 -1.108 Td [(current)1(l)1(y accept)1(ed fi)1(gure \(18,)1( 19\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 201.632 151.44 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.27 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 205.8322 147.42 Tm [(i)1(s 4.)1(57\2610.)1(07x10)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 273.1857 151.44 Tm (9)Tj 0.001 Tc 0.271 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 276.1857 147.42 Tm [( y)-1(ears)-1(, b)-1(as)-1(ed)-1( o)-1(n)-1( th)-1(e )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 56.7199 140.46 Tm (207)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 65.7199 136.44 Tm (Pb:)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 79.0598 140.46 Tm (206)Tj 0.001 Tc 9.96 0 0 9.96 88.0598 136.44 Tm [(P)-1(b)-1( rat)1(i)1(o)-1( \(ari)1(si)1(n)-1(g)-1( fro)-1(m)-2( )]TJ 0 Tc 6 0 0 6 176.9416 140.46 Tm (235)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 185.9416 136.44 Tm (U:)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 195.9416 140.46 Tm (238)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 204.9416 136.44 Tm [(U)-1( decay r)1(at)1(i)1(os\))1( fr)1(om)-1( m)-1(et)1(eor)1(i)1(t)1(es.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.02 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.115 Tw -27.902 -1.506 Td [(Fi)2(na)1(l)2(l)2(y,)1( D)-1(a)1(r)1(w)-1(i)2(n c)1(or)1(r)1(e)1(s)1(ponde)1(d w)-1(i)2(t)2(h ove)1(r)1( a)1( hundr)1(e)1(d c)1(he)1(m)-1(i)2(s)1(t)2(s)1( \()1(19\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 325.1332 125.46 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 327.7966 121.44 Tm [(i)1(ncl)1(udi)1(ng )]TJ 0.073 Tw -27.217 -1.102 Td [(B)-1(rodi)1(e,)1( F)-1(rankl)1(and)]TJ 7.379 0 Td [(,)1( H)-1(ofm)-1(ann,)1( K)-1(ol)1(be,)1( M)-2(el)1(dol)1(a and Pl)1(ayfai)1(r)1(.)1( H)-1(e col)1(l)1(abor)1(at)1(ed )]TJ 0.074 Tw -7.379 -1.108 Td [(ext)1(ensi)1(vel)1(y w)-1(i)1(t)1(h S)-1(i)1(r E)-1(dw)-1(ard F)-1(rankl)1(and \(1825)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.692 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.073 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(1899\))1(,)1( pr)1(ofessor)1( at)1( t)1(he R)-1(oyal)1( )]TJ 0.487 Tw -19.028 -1.102 Td [(C)-1(ol)1(l)1(ege of C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry from)-1( 1865,)1( w)-1(ho sent)1( hi)1(m)-1( chem)-1(i)1(cal)1(s for hi)1(s )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(experi)1(m)-1(ent)1(s at)1( D)-1(ow)-1(n H)-1(ous)1(e,)2( and anal)1(ysed for hi)1(m)-1( t)1(he pepsi)1(n a)1(nd )]TJ -0.002 Tw 26.656 0 Td [(aci)1(d )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.923 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 203.6347 62.46 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (13)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.066 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 529.44 Tm [(secret)1(i)1(ons from)-1( t)1(he carni)1(vorous sundew)-1( pl)1(ant)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.002 Tw 18.912 0 Td [(D)-1(rosera.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.065 Tw 3.598 0 Td [( Be)1(t)1(w)-1(e)1(e)1(n 1873)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 6.491 0 Td (1882 )Tj 0.146 Tw -29.001 -1.102 Td [(D)-1(ar)1(w)-1(i)1(n w)-1(r)1(ot)1(e 31 l)1(et)1(t)1(er)1(s t)1(o Fr)1(ankl)1(and,)1( and Fr)1(ankl)1(and 11 l)1(et)1(t)1(er)1(s t)1(o D)-1(ar)1(w)-1(i)1(n )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(fr)1(om)-1( 1873)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.211 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(1882.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.51 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -7.057 -1.404 Td [(C)-1(oncl)1(usi)1(ons)]TJ 0.122 Tw 4.965 0 Td [(:)1( D)-1(ar)1(w)-1(i)1(n,)1( w)-1(hi)1(l)1(e no chem)-1(i)1(st)1(,)1( w)-1(as fasci)1(nat)1(ed by t)1(he subj)1(ect)1( and )]TJ -0.002 Tw -4.965 -1.102 Td [(col)1(l)1(aborat)]TJ 0.426 Tw 4.014 0 Td [(ed frui)1(t)1(ful)1(l)1(y w)-1(i)1(t)1(h chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s \(B)-1(l)1(yt)1(h,)1( F)-1(r)1(ankl)1(a)1(nd,)1( H)-1(ofm)-1(ann and )]TJ 0.055 Tw -4.014 -1.108 Td [(ot)1(her)1(s\))1(.)1( H)-1(i)1(s ear)1(l)1(y com)-1(m)-1(ent)1(s on t)1(he age of t)1(he W)-2(eal)1(d i)1(n par)1(t)1( cat)1(al)1(ysed m)-1(or)1(e )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(di)1(r)1(ect)1( det)1(er)1(m)-1(i)1(nat)1(i)1(on,)1( by K)-1(el)1(vi)1(n and R)-1(ut)1(her)1(for)1(d,)1( of t)1(he age of t)1(he Ear)1(t)1(h.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 28.662 0 Td ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -28.662 -1.404 Td [(R)-1(ef)1(erences:)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.017 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -5.017 -1.307 Td (\(1\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc 0.163 Tw 2.139 0 Td [(C)-2(. D)-2(a)-1(r)-1(w)-2(in)-1(, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.162 Tw 5.011 0 Td [(O)-1(n t)1(he O)-1(ri)1(gi)1(n of)1( Speci)]TJ 0.163 Tw 9.743 0 Td [(es by M)-2(eans of)1( N)-1(a)1(t)1(ural)1( Sel)1(ect)1(i)1(on )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw -14.754 -1.102 Td (\()Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.335 0 Td [(John M)-2(urray,)1( L)-1(ondon,)1( 1859\).)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 11.88 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -14.353 -1.307 Td (\(2\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc 2.139 0 Td [(B)-2(ill G)-2(r)-1(if)-1(f)-1(ith)-1(, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 5.327 0 Td [(C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry W)-2(orl)1(d)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.889 0 Td [(,)1( Sept)1(em)-1(ber)1( 2009,)1( p.)1( 84.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.816 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -24.171 -1.307 Td (\(3\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.005 Tw 2.139 0 Td [(The)1( Aut)2(obi)2(ogr)1(aphy)1( of)2( Char)1(l)2(e)1(s)1( D)-1(ar)1(wi)2(n)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.006 Tw 15.59 0 Td [(,)1( ed.)1( N)-1(.)1( B)-1(ar)1(l)1(ow)-1( \(C)-1(ol)1(l)1(i)1(ns.)1( London )]TJ -0.001 Tw -15.59 -1.102 Td [(1958\))1(,)1( p.)1( 46.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.103 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -7.242 -1.307 Td (\(4\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc 2.139 0 Td [(B)-2(ill G)-2(r)-1(if)-1(f)-1(ith)-1(,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 5.076 0 Td [( N)-1(ew)-1(sl)1(et)1(t)1(er)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.546 0 Td [(,)1( Jul)1(y 2005,)1( p.)1( 29)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.761 -1.301 Td (\()Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.335 0 Td (5\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.836 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.205 Tw 0.967 0 Td [(E.)1( Bl)1(yt)1(h,)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 0.206 Tw 4.262 0 Td [(M)-2(a)-1(g)-1(. 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[(fol)1(l)1(ow)-1( i)1(t)1( up,)1( her)1(e,)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h a l)1(onger)1( hi)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(cal)1( account)1( of t)1(he di)1(scover)1(y of t)1(he )]TJ 0.343 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(sul)1(fonam)-1(i)1(de cl)1(ass of drug.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s art)1(i)1(cl)1(e fi)1(rst)1( appeared i)1(n )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.342 Tw 25.507 0 Td [(Educ)1(at)1(i)1(on i)1(n )]TJ -0.002 Tw -25.507 -1.102 Td [(C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.134 Tw 4.127 0 Td [( i)1(n M)-2(ay 2002 and i)1(s r)1(epr)1(o)]TJ 11.183 0 Td [(duced her)1(e by ki)1(nd per)1(m)-1(i)1(ssi)1(on of t)1(he )]TJ -0.001 Tw -15.31 -1.108 Td [(Edi)1(t)1(or)1( a)1(nd t)1(he)1( t)1(hr)1(e)1(e)1( a)1(ut)1(hor)1(s)1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 11.403 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -11.403 -1.602 Td [(Pr)1(ont)1(os)1(i)1(l)1(,)1( and i)1(t)1(s)1( pl)1(ac)1(e)1( i)1(n t)1(he)1( hi)1(s)1(t)1(or)1(y of)1( dr)1(ug di)1(s)1(c)1(ove)1(r)1(y)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 23.428 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.085 Tw -23.428 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(he r)1(ol)1(e of chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y i)1(n t)1(he cont)1(r)1(ol)1( and cur)1(e of di)1(sease has a l)1(ong hi)1(st)1(or)1(y.)1( )]TJ 0.003 Tw T* [(A)-2(l)1(m)-1(ost)1( 5000 years ago ephedri)1(ne )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.764 0 Td (-)Tj 0.321 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.003 Tw 0.255 0 Td [(i)1(n t)1(ea pr)1(epar)1(ed fr)1(om)]TJ 8.179 0 Td [( t)1(he C)-1(hi)1(nese herb )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -0.002 Tw 7.264 0 Td [(m)-1(a )]TJ 0.011 Tw -29.782 -1.108 Td [(huang \()1(Ephedra si)1(ni)1(ca\))1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.823 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.011 Tw 0.336 0 Td [( w)-1(as used t)1(o r)1(el)1(i)1(eve ast)1(hm)-1(a.)1( T)-1(hen,)1( 2500 year)1(s l)1(at)1(er)1(,)1( )]TJ 0.215 Tw -10.159 -1.102 Td [(t)1(he C)-1(hi)1(nese not)1(ed t)1(hat)1( som)-1(e ski)1(n i)1(nfect)1(i)1(ons coul)1(d be cur)1(ed by appl)1(yi)1(ng )]TJ 0.097 Tw T* [(m)-1(oul)1(dy soy bean cur)1(d.)1( Sul)1(fur)1( oi)1(nt)1(m)-1(ent)1( w)-1(as l)1(at)1(er)1( used t)1(o t)1(r)1(eat)1( scabi)1(es,)1( and )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(fr)1(om)-1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 2.261 0 Td (ca )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.257 0 Td (1500)Tj 0.057 Tw [(,)1( i)1(n I)1(t)1(al)1(y,)1( m)-1(er)1(cur)1(y and i)1(t)1(s sal)1(t)1(s w)-1(er)1(e used as dubi)1(ous r)1(em)-1(edi)1(es )]TJ 0.291 Tw -3.518 -1.102 Td [(agai)1(nst)1( syphi)1(l)1(i)1(s.)1( M)-2(ost)2( hi)1(st)1(ori)1(es of chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( i)1(nt)1(ervent)1(i)1(on i)1(n di)1(sease and )]TJ 0.233 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(i)1(l)1(l)1(ness,)1( t)1(hough,)1( st)1(ar)1(t)1( i)1(n t)1(he 17t)1(h cent)1(ur)1(y w)-1(i)1(t)1(h t)1(he al)1(kal)1(oi)1(ds,)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch w)-1(er)1(e )]TJ 0.092 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(crudel)1(y ext)1(ract)1(ed from)-1( pl)1(ant)1( sources.)1( Q)-1(ui)1(ni)1(ne)]TJ 18.865 0 Td [(,)1( an ext)1(r)1(act)1( of ci)1(nchona bar)1(k,)1( )]TJ 0.137 Tw -18.865 -1.102 Td [(w)-1(as used t)1(o t)1(r)1(eat)1( m)-1(al)1(ar)1(i)1(a i)1(n 1619,)1( and em)-1(et)1(i)1(ne,)1( fr)1(om)-1( i)1(pecuanha r)1(oot)1(,)1( w)-1(as )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(i)1(nt)1(r)1(oduced)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 4.663 0 Td (to)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.781 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.37 0 Td [(Eur)1(ope)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.899 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.37 0 Td (as)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 1.206 0 Td (a)Tj 0.446 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.37 0 Td [(r)1(e)1(m)-1(e)1(dy)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 3.38 0 Td (for)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.017 Tw 1.541 0 Td [(dysent)1(er)1(y i)1(n 1672.)1( A)-2(s for)1( cont)1(r)1(ol)1(l)1(i)1(ng )]TJ 0.02 Tw -16.026 -1.108 Td [(di)1(sease,)1( di)1(gi)1(t)1(al)1(i)1(s fr)1(om)-1( t)1(he foxgl)1(ove pl)1(ant)1( has been used si)1(nce 1775 t)1(o r)1(educe)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 31.009 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.146 Tw -31.009 -1.102 Td [(fl)1(ui)1(d r)1(et)1(ent)1(i)1(on caused by congest)1(i)1(ve hear)1(t)1( fai)1(l)1(ur)1(e.)1( D)-1(espi)1(t)1(e t)1(hese advances,)1( )]TJ 0.032 Tw T* [(unt)1(i)1(l)1( t)1(he m)-1(i)1(ddl)1(e par)1(t)1( of t)1(he l)1(ast)1( cent)1(ur)1(y doct)1(or)1(s w)-1(er)1(e far)1( bet)1(t)1(er)1( at)1( i)1(dent)1(i)1(fyi)1(ng )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(i)1(l)1(l)1(nesses t)1(han cur)1(i)1(ng t)1(hem)-1(.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0 -1.602 TD [(A)-1( ray of)1( hope\205)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.832 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.079 Tw -6.832 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(hat)1( chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y m)-1(i)1(ght)1( have a r)1(ol)1(e t)1(o pl)1(ay i)1(n t)1(he pr)1(even)]TJ 22.601 0 Td [(t)1(i)1(on of di)1(sease cam)-1(e )]TJ 0.001 Tw -22.601 -1.102 Td [(w)-1(i)1(t)1(h t)1(he w)-1(or)1(k of Joseph Li)1(st)1(er)1(,)1( a sur)1(geon at)1( t)1(he G)-1(l)1(asgow)-1( R)-1(oyal)1( I)1(nfi)1(r)1(m)-1(ar)1(y.)1( I)1(n )]TJ 0.166 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(1867,)1( fol)1(l)1(ow)-1(i)1(ng \(but)1( per)1(haps unconsci)1(ousl)1(y\))1( Loui)1(s Past)1(eur)1(\222)1(s w)-1(or)1(k on t)1(he )]TJ 0.247 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(connect)1(i)1(on bet)1(w)-1(een di)1(sease and put)1(ref)1(act)1(i)1(on by l)1(i)1(vi)1(ng organi)1(sm)-1(s,)1( L)-1(i)1(st)1(er )]TJ 0.08 Tw T* [(used sol)1(ut)1(i)1(ons)]TJ 5.799 0 Td [( of c)1(a)1(r)1(bol)1(i)1(c)1( a)1(c)1(i)1(d \(phe)1(nol)1(\))1( t)1(o di)1(si)1(nfe)1(c)1(t)1( w)-1(ounds.)1( Fr)1(om)-1( 1869 he)1( )]TJ 0.162 Tw -5.799 -1.108 Td [(used a spr)1(ay of car)1(bol)1(i)1(c aci)1(d i)1(n t)1(he oper)1(at)1(i)1(ng t)1(heat)1(r)1(e and hi)1(s i)1(nnovat)1(i)1(ons )]TJ 0.301 Tw T* [(r)1(e)1(duc)1(e)1(d t)1(he)1( hi)1(gh m)-1(or)1(t)1(a)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(y a)1(s)1(s)1(oc)1(i)1(a)1(t)1(e)1(d w)-1(i)1(t)1(h a)1(ny but)1( t)1(he)1( m)-1(os)1(t)1( m)-1(i)1(nor)1( of )]TJ 0.033 Tw T* [(surgi)1(cal)1( i)1(nt)1(ervent)1(i)1(ons.)1( Infect)1(i)1(on from)-1( ext)1(ernal)1( age)]TJ 20.3 0 Td [(nt)1(s,)1( such as t)1(he bact)1(er)1(i)1(a i)1(n )]TJ 0.317 Tw -20.3 -1.108 Td [(t)1(he )-1(oft)1(en )-1(fi)1(l)1(t)1(hy )-1(sur)1(r)1(oundi)1(ngs )-1(of )-1(hospi)1(t)1(al)1(s )-1(of t)1(he day,)1( coul)1(d at)1( l)1(ast)1( be )]TJ 0.038 Tw T* [(cont)1(rol)1(l)1(ed.)1( H)-1(ow)-1(ever,)1( t)1(here w)-1(as st)1(i)1(l)1(l)1( t)1(he ri)1(sk from)-1( bact)1(eri)1(a w)-1(hi)1(ch ent)1(ered t)1(he )]TJ 0.169 Tw T* [(body and so t)1(he sear)1(ch w)-1(as on t)1(o fi)1(nd som)-1(e m)-1(eans of effect)1(i)1(ve \221)1(i)1(nt)1(er)1(nal)1( )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(d)-1(is)-1(in)]TJ 0.002 Tc 1.953 0 Td [(fect)1(ant)1(\222)1( t)1(o t)1(r)1(eat)1( di)1(sease gener)1(al)1(l)1(y.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.771 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 203.6347 59.46 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (15)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.057 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 529.44 Tm [(I)1(n 1891 c)1(a)1(m)-1(e)1( a)1( br)1(e)1(a)1(kt)1(hr)1(ough w)-1(i)1(t)1(h a)1( di)1(s)1(c)1(ove)1(r)1(y by Pa)1(ul)1( Ehr)1(l)1(i)1(c)1(h.)1( Ehr)1(l)1(i)1(c)1(h ha)1(d )]TJ 0.025 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(r)1(ai)1(ned as a m)-1(edi)1(cal)1( doct)1(or)1( and had devel)1(oped a passi)1(on for)1( hi)1(st)1(ol)1(ogy,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 28.781 0 Td [(ie)-1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.002 0 Td [(t)1(he )]TJ 0.058 Tw -29.782 -1.108 Td [(st)1(udy of dye)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.081 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.058 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(st)1(ai)1(ned body t)1(i)1(ssues under a m)-1(i)1(croscope.)1( A)-2(ny abn)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.059 Tw 20.486 0 Td [(o)-1(rm)-2(a)-1(litie)-1(s)-1( in)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.139 Tw -25.903 -1.102 Td [(t)1(he t)1(i)1(ssues,)1( i)1(ncl)1(udi)1(ng t)1(he pr)1(esence of i)1(nfect)1(i)1(ous agent)1(s,)1( coul)1(d be obser)1(ved )]TJ 0.111 Tw T* [(usi)1(ng t)1(hi)1(s t)1(echni)1(que.)1( T)-1(he or)1(gani)1(sm)-1( r)1(esponsi)1(bl)1(e for)1( m)-1(al)1(ar)1(i)1(a,)1( a pl)1(asm)-1(odi)1(um)-1(,)1( )]TJ 0.101 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(had been di)1(scover)1(ed i)1(n 1880.)1( Ehr)1(l)1(i)1(ch found t)1(hat)1( t)1(hi)1(s pl)1(asm)-1(odi)1(um)-1( coul)1(d be )]TJ 0.153 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(st)1(ai)1(ned sel)1(ect)1(i)1(vel)1(y)]TJ 7.542 0 Td [( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h m)-1(et)1(hyl)1(ene bl)1(ue and r)1(easoned t)1(hat)1( t)1(hi)1(s dye,)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch )]TJ 0.057 Tw -7.542 -1.102 Td [(w)-1(as w)-1(el)1(l)1( t)1(ol)1(er)1(at)1(ed by pat)1(i)1(ent)1(s,)1( m)-1(i)1(ght)1( be adm)-1(i)1(ni)1(st)1(er)1(ed i)1(n a suffi)1(ci)1(ent)1( dose t)1(o )]TJ 0.221 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(st)1(ai)1(n and t)1(hen ki)1(l)1(l)1( t)1(he pl)1(asm)-1(odi)1(a.)1( In 1891 he used t)1(he dye t)1(o t)1(reat)1( t)1(w)-1(o )]TJ 0.019 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(pat)1(i)1(ent)1(s suffer)1(i)1(ng w)-1(i)1(t)1(h m)-1(al)1(ar)1(i)1(a \(1\))1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 619.1559 434.46 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.019 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 620.851 430.44 Tm [(B)-1(ot)1(h recovered)]TJ [( and \221t)1(hi)1(s sm)-1(al)1(l)1( success of )]TJ 0.022 Tw -14.218 -1.102 Td [(t)1(hi)1(s som)-1(ew)-1(hat)1( pr)1(i)1(m)-1(i)1(t)1(i)1(ve and em)-1(pi)1(r)1(i)1(cal)1( t)1(r)1(i)1(al)1( w)-1(as a deci)1(si)1(ve event)1( i)1(n Ehr)1(l)1(i)1(ch\222)1(s )]TJ 0.057 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(career and a l)1(andm)-1(ark i)1(n t)1(he hi)1(st)1(ory of)1( chem)-1(o)1(t)1(herap)1(y\222)1( \()1(2\).)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 718.2221 412.44 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.057 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 720.298 408.42 Tm [(H)-1(i)1(s goal)1( becam)-1(e )]TJ -0.001 Tw -24.203 -1.102 Td [(t)1(o shoot)1( t)1(he m)-1(i)1(cr)1(obes w)-1(i)1(t)1(h \221)1(m)-1(agi)1(c bul)1(l)1(et)1(s\222)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(hout)1( har)1(m)-1(i)1(ng t)1(he host)1(.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 27.774 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -27.774 -1.404 Td [(Spur)1(r)]TJ 0.016 Tw 2.231 0 Td [(ed on by t)1(he success of m)-1(et)1(hyl)1(ene bl)1(ue,)1( E)-1(hrl)1(i)1(ch w)-1(as convi)1(nced t)1(hat)1( t)1(he )]TJ 0.108 Tw -2.231 -1.108 Td [(r)1(e)1(c)1(e)1(nt)1(l)1(y di)1(s)1(c)1(ove)1(r)1(e)1(d c)1(oa)1(l)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.974 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.108 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(t)1(ar)1( dyes w)-1(oul)1(d pr)1(ovi)1(de fur)1(t)1(her)1( \221)1(m)-1(agi)1(c bul)1(l)1(et)1(s\222)1( for)1( )]TJ 0.263 Tw -10.31 -1.102 Td [(ot)1(her)1( di)1(seases.)1( \(A)-2(ft)1(er)1( W)-2(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(am)-1( Per)1(ki)1(n\222)1(s di)1(scover)1(y of m)-1(auvei)1(ne i)1(n 1856,)1( )]TJ 0.104 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(synt)1(het)1(i)1(c dyes )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.176 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.103 Tw 0.336 0 Td [( a)1(l)1(m)-1(os)1(t)1( a)1(l)1(l)1( m)-1(a)1(de)1( f)1(r)1(om)-1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw 9.584 0 Td (coal)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.672 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.103 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(t)1(ar)1( der)1(i)1(ved chem)-1(i)1(cal)1(s )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.103 Tw 9.485 0 Td [( be)1(c)1(a)1(m)-1(e)1( )]TJ 0.03 Tw -27.588 -1.108 Td [(avai)1(l)1(abl)1(e by t)1(he hundreds each year\).)1( E)-1(hrl)1(i)1(ch hoped t)1(hat)1( am)-1(ong t)1(he grow)-1(i)1(ng )]TJ 0.126 Tw T* [(num)-1(ber)1( of \221)1(r)1(ai)1(nbow)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.285 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.127 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(col)1(oured bot)1(t)1(l)1(es on t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s\222 shel)2(ves t)1(here w)-1(oul)1(d )]TJ 0.005 Tw -8.621 -1.102 Td [(be ot)1(her)1( m)-1(agi)1(c bul)1(l)1(et)1(s for)1( use agai)1(nst)1( ot)1(her)1( m)-1(i)1(cr)1(obes.)1( H)-1(e r)1(easoned,)1( how)-1(e)]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 29.476 0 Td [(v)-1(e)-1(r, )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.313 Tw -29.476 -1.108 Td [(t)1(hat)1( si)1(nce bact)1(er)1(i)1(a had been di)1(ffi)1(cul)1(t)1( t)1(o st)1(ai)1(n w)-1(i)1(t)1(h t)1(he new)-1( dyes,)1( t)1(hi)1(s )]TJ 0.047 Tw T* [(approach w)-1(as unl)1(i)1(kel)1(y t)1(o t)1(reat)1( bact)1(eri)1(al)1( i)1(nfect)1(i)1(ons.)2( N)-1(ever)1(t)1(hel)1(ess,)1( he i)1(nj)1(ect)1(ed )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* [(m)-1(i)1(ce,)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.202 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.358 0 Td [(i)1(nfect)1(ed)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.234 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.358 0 Td [(w)-2(ith)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.785 0 Td ( )Tj 0.358 0 Td (a)Tj 0.446 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.358 0 Td [(v)-1(a)-1(rie)-1(ty)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 3.146 0 Td (of)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.195 0 Td [(or)1(gani)1(sm)-1(s,)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.378 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.358 0 Td [(w)-2(ith)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.785 0 Td ( )Tj 0.358 0 Td (a)Tj 0.446 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.358 0 Td [(r)1(a)1(nge)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.23 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.358 0 Td (of)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.195 0 Td [(synt)1(het)1(i)1(c)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.625 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.358 0 Td [(dyes;)1( )]TJ 0.195 Tw -28.89 -1.108 Td [(t)1(he m)-1(i)1(ce t)1(ur)1(ned al)1(l)1( 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chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s w)-1(oul)1(d t)1(est)1( t)1(he pot)1(ent)1(i)1(al)1( )]TJ 0.012 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(dr)1(ug agai)1(nst)1( a r)1(ange of di)1(ffer)1(ent)1( m)-1(i)1(cr)1(obi)1(al)1( gener)1(a )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 20.291 0 Td (in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.781 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.264 0 Td [(v)-1(itr)-1(o)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.012 Tw 1.896 0 Td [(.)1( I)1(f t)1(he r)1(esul)1(t)1(s w)-1(er)1(e )]TJ 0.061 Tw -23.233 -1.102 Td [(pr)1(om)-1(i)1(si)1(ng,)1( bi)1(ol)1(ogi)1(st)]TJ 8.15 0 Td [(s w)-1(oul)1(d undert)1(ake t)1(oxi)1(ci)1(t)1(y t)1(est)1(s w)-1(i)1(t)1(h t)1(he com)-1(pounds on )]TJ 0.011 Tw -8.15 -1.102 Td [(ani)1(m)-1(al)1(s.)1( F)-1(i)1(nal)1(l)1(y,)1( i)1(f t)1(he prom)-1(i)1(se w)-1(as m)-1(ai)1(nt)1(ai)1(ned,)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.658 0 Td [(i)1(n vi)1(vo)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 0.012 Tw [( tria)-1(ls)-1( o)-1(n)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 6.516 0 Td [(ani)1(m)-1(al)1(s )]TJ 3.386 0 Td (and )Tj 0.207 Tw -29.559 -1.108 Td [(hum)-1(ans w)-1(oul)1(d be done.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s som)-1(ew)-1(hat)1( \221)1(hi)1(t)1( and m)-1(i)1(ss\222)1( appr)1(oach t)1(o dr)1(ug )]TJ 0.055 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(di)1(scover)1(y w)-1(as used for)1( m)-1(any year)1(s by t)1(he phar)1(m)-1(aceut)1(i)1(ca)]TJ 23.366 0 Td [(l)1( i)1(ndust)1(r)1(y.)1( M)-2(ost)1( of )]TJ -0.001 Tw -23.366 -1.102 Td [(I)1(G)-1(F\222)1(s)1( r)1(e)1(s)1(ul)1(t)1(s)1( w)-1(e)1(r)1(e)1( a)1(s)1( di)1(s)1(a)1(ppoi)1(nt)1(i)1(ng a)1(s)1( Ehr)1(l)1(i)1(c)1(h\222)1(s)1(,)1( but)1( one)1( c)1(om)-1(pound s)1(how)-1(e)1(d )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 30.785 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 203.6347 63.42 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (17)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.081 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 529.44 Tm [(pot)1(ent)1(i)1(al)1(.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s w)-1(as an azo dye pr)1(epar)1(ed by Fr)1(i)1(t)1(z M)-2(i)1(et)1(zsch and hi)1(s assi)1(st)1(ant)1( )]TJ 0.898 Tw T* [(Joseph K)-1(l)1(arer at)1( IG)-1(F)-1( i)1(n 1932.)1( T)-1(he chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s di)1(azot)1(i)1(sed 4)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 30.673 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -30.673 -1.108 Td [(am)-1(i)1(nobenzenesul)1(fonam)-1(i)1(de )]TJ 0.124 Tw 11.137 0 Td [(\(sul)1(fani)1(l)1(am)-1(i)1(de\))1( and r)1(eact)1(ed t)1(he pr)1(oduct)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.812 0 Td (m)Tj 0.725 0 Td (-)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -30.675 -1.102 Td [(phenyl)1(ene)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.126 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.251 0 Td [(di)1(am)-1(i)1(ne \(1,)1(3)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.075 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(di)1(am)-1(i)1(nobenzene\))1( \(Schem)-1(e 1\))1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12.016 0 Td ( )Tj ET q 281.0399933 0 0 165.1199951 493.1600037 324.1199951 cm /Im0 Do Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 774.1938 324.12 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.111 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 312.3 Tm [(T)-1(he r)1(esul)1(t)1(i)1(ng dye w)-1(as sul)1(fam)-1(i)1(dochr)1(ysoi)1(di)1(ne,)1( m)-1(or)1(e fam)-1(i)1(l)1(i)1(ar)1(l)1(y know)-1(n by i)1(t)1(s )]TJ 0.08 Tw T* [(t)1(r)1(ade nam)-1(e )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.002 Tw [(Pr)1(ont)1(os)1(i)1(l)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.08 Tw 8.582 0 Td [(.)1( \(T)-1(he sul)1(fonam)-1(i)1(de st)1(ar)1(t)1(i)1(ng m)-1(at)1(er)1(i)1(al)1( w)-1(as fi)1(r)1(st)1( pr)1(epar)1(ed )]TJ 0.202 Tw -8.582 -1.108 Td (by Paul)Tj 3.243 0 Td [( G)-1(el)1(m)-1(o i)1(n V)-2(i)1(enna i)1(n 1908 and w)-1(as seen at)1( t)1(he t)1(i)1(m)-1(e sol)1(el)1(y as a )]TJ 0.013 Tw -3.243 -1.102 Td [(pr)1(ecur)1(sor)1( t)1(o dyest)1(uffs.)1( I)1(t)1( w)-1(as l)1(at)1(er)1( found t)1(o pl)1(ay a cr)1(uci)1(al)1( r)1(ol)1(e i)1(n t)1(he cur)1(at)1(i)1(ve )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(act)1(i)1(on of t)1(he sul)1(fonam)-1(i)1(de drugs,)1( b)1(ut)1( t)1(hi)1(s w)-1(as several)1( years aw)-1(ay\).)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 26.432 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.139 Tw -26.432 -1.41 Td [(A)-2(ccount)1(s t)1(hat)1( M)-2(i)1(et)1(zsch and K)-1(l)1(arer\222s i)1(nt)1(erest)1( )]TJ 19.017 0 Td [(l)1(ay i)1(n t)1(he new)-1( dyes possi)1(bl)1(e )]TJ 0.039 Tw -19.017 -1.102 Td [(use as a col)1(our)1(i)1(ng agent)1( \(for)1( l)1(eat)1(her)1(\))1( ar)1(e pr)1(obabl)1(y i)1(ncor)1(r)1(ect)1(,)1( M)-2(i)1(et)1(zsch w)-1(as a )]TJ 0.034 Tw T* [(m)-1(edi)1(ci)1(nal)1( chem)-1(i)1(st)1( not)1(ed for)1( hi)1(s w)-1(or)1(k on bar)1(bi)1(t)1(ur)1(at)1(es,)1( and i)1(n t)1(he ear)1(l)1(y 1930s )]TJ 0.101 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(he w)-1(as i)1(nvest)1(i)1(gat)1(i)1(ng t)1(he use of azo com)-1(pounds as pot)1(ent)1(i)1(al)1( bact)1(er)1(i)1(ci)1(des.)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.102 Tw 30.043 0 Td ( It )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.346 Tw -30.043 -1.102 Td [(w)-1(as G)-1(er)1(har)1(d D)-1(om)-1(agk \(see B)-1(ox\))1(,)1( how)-1(ever)1(,)1( anot)1(her)1( I)1(G)-1(F chem)-1(i)1(st)1(,)1( w)-1(ho )]TJ 0.341 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(r)1(e)1(a)1(l)1(i)1(s)1(e)1(d t)1(he)1( c)1(om)-1(pound\222)1(s)1( pot)1(e)1(nt)1(i)1(a)1(l)1( a)1(s)1( a)1( c)1(he)1(m)-1(ot)1(he)1(r)1(a)1(pe)1(ut)1(i)1(c)1( a)1(ge)1(nt)1( a)1(ga)1(i)1(ns)1(t)1( )]TJ 0.542 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(bact)1(er)1(i)1(al)1( i)1(nfect)1(i)1(on,)1( A)-2(ccor)1(di)1(ng t)1(o D)-1(om)-1(agk\205)-2(.)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.975 0 Td [(i)1(n t)1(he course of)1( our )]TJ 0.213 Tw -20.975 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best)1( ever chem)-1(ot)1(herapeut)1(i)1(c )]TJ -0.001 Tw -6.664 -1.108 Td [(ef)1(f)1(ect)1(s agai)1(nst)1( st)1(rept)1(ococcal)1( i)1(nf)1(ect)1(i)1(ons i)1(n ani)1(m)-1(al)1(s )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.002 Tw 20.3 0 Td (\(4\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.422 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.101 Tw -21.723 -1.404 Td [(B)-1(ut)1( w)-1(hy di)1(d D)-1(om)-1(agk persevere w)-1(i)1(t)1(h expensi)1(ve ani)1(m)-1(al)1( t)1(est)1(s,)1( w)-1(hen t)1(he t)1(est)1( )]TJ 0.007 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(ube exper)1(i)1(m)-1(ent)1(s w)-1(er)1(e unpr)1(om)-1(i)1(si)1(n)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (g)Tj 0.001 Tc 0.008 Tw 14.539 0 Td [(?)1( A)-2(n)-1(d)-1( w)-2(h)-1(y)-1( d)-1(id)-1( it tak)-1(e h)-1(im)-2( th)-1(ree y)-1(ea)]TJ 0.007 Tw 14.706 0 Td [(rs to)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.26 Tw -29.244 -1.108 Td [(announce hi)1(s di)1(scovery t)1(o t)2(he w)-1(orl)2(d?)1( W)-3(e t)1(hi)1(nk t)1(he answ)-1(er t)1(o t)1(he fi)1(rst)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* [(quest)1(i)1(on)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.402 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.351 0 Td [(lie)-1(s)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 1.746 0 Td (in)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.781 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.351 0 Td [(h)-1(is)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.172 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.351 0 Td [(aw)-1(areness)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.125 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.351 0 Td (of)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.188 0 Td [(r)1(e)1(s)1(ul)1(t)1(s)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.621 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.351 0 Td [(publ)1(i)1(shed)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.904 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.351 0 Td (by)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 1.355 0 Td [(I)1(va)1(n O)-1(s)1(t)1(r)1(om)-1(i)1(s)1(l)1(e)1(ns)1(ky.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.84 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 626.1547 61.32 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (18)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 21 0 obj <>stream HV{XMo+0rRIڕL0c: 18 c)geJq% }"=xGc*!l`Ro_[`.m3YqL-1d iPt?=04;د9ŋLqgJ >cpZa0cq-V T0 UIƗGQ܌2<5EQq_ B'd-!'H㟫|߬*-Pɍy`(h”i ӟiwgrK9$ i?d"dཽ(-qͶ)5ѿ.0"r閎77Qύ'E)Ȣe(B|$K2>d#- 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[(w)-1(orkers vari)1(ed i)1(n t)1(hei)1(r suscept)1(i)1(bi)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(y t)1(o P)-1(ront)1(osi)1(l)1(; a)]TJ 21.685 0 Td [(nd t)1(hat)1( m)-1(ore t)1(han one )]TJ -0.001 Tw -21.685 -1.108 Td [(dose of)1( t)1(he drug w)-1(as of)1(t)1(en requi)1(red t)1(o prot)1(ect)1( t)1(he m)-1(i)1(ce i)1(ndef)1(i)1(ni)1(t)1(el)1(y )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.002 Tw 27.048 0 Td (\(5\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.)Tj 1.422 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.116 Tw -28.47 -1.602 Td [(I)1(n de)1(l)1(a)1(yi)1(ng t)1(he)1( publ)1(i)1(c)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(on of hi)1(s)1( w)-1(or)1(k D)-1(om)-1(a)1(gk a)1(l)1(l)1(ow)-1(e)1(d ot)1(he)1(r)1( r)1(e)1(s)1(e)1(a)1(r)1(c)1(he)1(r)1(s)1( )]TJ 0.285 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(\(F)-1(\366r)1(st)1(er)1( i)1(n 1933,)1( and G)-1(r)1(\374t)1(z i)1(n 1934\))1( t)1(o r)1(epor)1(t)1( on t)1(he effect)1(i)1(veness of )]TJ 0.197 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(Pr)1(ont)2(os)1(i)2(l)2( a)1(ga)1(i)2(ns)]TJ [(t)1( var)1(i)1(ous for)1(m)-1(s of bact)1(er)1(i)1(al)1( i)1(nfect)1(i)1(ons,)1( but)1( i)1(t)1( i)1(s gener)1(al)1(l)1(y )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(agreed t)1(hat)1( t)1(hei)1(r resul)1(t)1(s \221w)-1(ere t)1(oo obscure t)1(o deserve m)-1(uch not)1(i)1(ce\222 \(6\).)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 28.381 0 Td ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -28.381 -1.608 Td [(M)-2(ovi)1(n)-1(g on)-1(.)1(.)1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.355 0 Td ( )Tj 0.251 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.073 Tw -5.606 -1.608 Td [(La)1(t)1(e)1(r)1( de)1(ve)1(l)1(opm)-1(e)1(nt)1(s)1( l)1(a)1(y i)1(n t)1(w)-1(o a)1(r)1(e)1(a)1(s)1(.)1( Fi)1(r)1(s)1(t)1(,)1( a)1(t)1(t)1(e)1(m)-1(pt)1(s)1( w)-1(e)1(r)1(e)1( m)-1(a)1(de)1( t)1(o e)1(s)1(t)1(a)1(bl)1(i)1(s)1(h )]TJ 0.124 Tw T* [(t)1(he m)-1(ode of act)1(i)1(on of t)1(hi)1(s cl)1(ass)]TJ 13.24 0 Td [( of drugs.)1( T)-1(he breakt)1(hrough cam)-1(e i)1(n 194)1(0 )]TJ 0.155 Tw -13.24 -1.102 Td [(w)-1(i)1(t)1(h t)1(he di)1(scover)1(y by D)-1(onal)1(d W)-2(oods,)1( w)-1(or)1(ki)1(ng at)1( O)-1(xfor)1(d U)-1(ni)1(ver)1(si)1(t)1(y,)1( t)1(hat)1( )]TJ 0.036 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(t)1(hei)1(r)1( effect)1(i)1(veness w)-1(as ant)1(agoni)1(sed by a const)1(i)1(t)1(uent)1( of yeast)1( ext)1(r)1(act)1(,)1( nam)-1(el)1(y )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.102 TD (p)Tj 0.502 0 Td (-)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.334 0 Td [(am)-1(i)1(nobenzoi)1(c)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.631 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.028 Tw 0.279 0 Td [(aci)1(d.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s aci)1(d i)1(s essent)2(i)1(al)1( f)1(or t)1(he bi)2(osynt)1(hesi)1(s o)]TJ 0.027 Tw 19.605 0 Td [(f fol)1(i)1(c aci)1(d,)1( )]TJ 0.294 Tw -26.352 -1.102 Td [(w)-1(hi)1(ch i)1(n t)1(ur)1(n i)1(s essent)1(i)1(al)1( for)1( t)1(he gr)1(ow)-1(t)1(h/)6(r)1(epl)1(i)1(cat)1(i)1(on of m)-1(i)1(cr)1(oor)1(gani)1(sm)-1(s )]TJ 0.121 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(\(S)-1(chem)-1(e 2\))1(.)1( P)-1(r)1(ont)1(osi)1(l)1(,)1( and al)1(l)1( t)1(he ot)1(her)1( sul)1(fonam)-1(i)1(de dr)1(ugs,)1( br)1(eak dow)-1(n i)1(n )]TJ 0.048 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(he body t)1(o yi)1(el)1(d G)-1(el)1(m)-1(o\222)1(s sul)1(fonam)-1(i)1(de.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s i)1(s so st)1(r)1(uct)1(ur)1(al)1(l)1(y si)1(m)-1(i)1(l)1(ar)1( t)1(o t)1(he )]TJ 0.081 Tw T* [(am)-1(i)1(nobenzoi)1(c aci)1(d )]TJ 7.969 0 Td [(t)1(hat)1( i)1(t)1( i)1(s i)1(ncor)1(por)1(at)1(ed by t)1(he m)-1(i)1(cr)1(oor)1(gani)1(sm)-1(,)1( but)1( i)1(s t)1(hen )]TJ -0.002 Tw -7.969 -1.108 Td [(m)-1(et)1(abol)1(i)1(cal)1(l)1(y)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.464 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.51 0 Td [(i)1(nact)1(i)1(ve.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.429 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.058 Tw 0.51 0 Td [( )1(I)1(f)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 1.489 0 Td [(th)-1(e)-1(re)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.007 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.51 0 Td (is)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.67 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.51 0 Td (enough)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.956 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.058 Tw 0.51 0 Td [(sul)1(fani)1(l)1(am)-1(i)1(de,)1(t)1(here w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( be t)1(oo )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw -18.565 -1.102 Td [(little)-1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.376 0 Td (p)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.502 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.284 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(am)-1(i)1(nobenzoi)1(c aci)1(d t)1(o support)1( t)1(he gro)1(w)-1(t)2(h and r)1(epl)1(i)1(cat)1(i)1(on of t)1(he )]TJ -0.002 Tw -3.214 -1.102 Td [(m)-1(i)1(cr)1(obe.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.541 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 203.6347 60.78 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (20)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.129 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 529.44 Tm [(T)-1(he sul)1(fonam)-1(i)1(des ar)1(e bact)1(er)1(i)1(ost)1(at)1(i)1(c )]TJ 15.017 0 Td [(r)1(a)1(t)1(he)1(r)1( t)1(ha)1(n ba)1(c)1(t)1(e)1(r)1(i)1(oc)1(i)1(da)1(l)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.397 0 Td (\227)Tj 0.995 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.381 0 Td [(ie)-1( )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.129 Tw 1.106 0 Td [(t)1(hey do )]TJ 0.262 Tw -27.895 -1.102 Td [(not)1( ki)1(l)1(l)1( t)1(he bact)1(er)1(i)1(a t)1(hem)-1(sel)1(ves,)1( but)1( pr)1(event)1( t)1(hei)1(r)1( r)1(epl)1(i)1(cat)1(i)1(on,)1( w)-1(hi)1(l)1(e t)1(he )]TJ 0.047 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(body\222)1(s ow)-1(n defences do t)1(he act)1(ual)1( ki)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(ng.)1( A)-2(s t)1(hey ar)1(e no l)1(onger)1( bat)1(t)1(l)1(i)1(ng an )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD (ever)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.17 Tw 2.063 0 Td [(i)1(ncr)1(easi)1(ng i)1(nfect)1(i)1(ve agent)1(,)1( t)1(he body\222)1(s ow)-1(n i)1(m)-1(m)-1(une syst)1(em)-1( gen)]TJ -0.002 Tw 26.66 0 Td [(eral)1(l)1(y )]TJ -28.724 -1.102 Td [(succeeds.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.07 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.141 Tw -4.07 -1.41 Td [(Se)1(c)1(ondl)2(y,)1( a)1(r)1(m)-1(e)1(d w)-1(i)2(t)2(h t)2(he)1( know)-1(l)2(e)1(dge)1( t)2(ha)1(t)2( t)2(he)1( s)1(ul)2(f)1(a)1(ni)2(l)2(a)1(m)-1(i)2(de)1( por)1(t)2(i)2(on of)1( t)2(he)1( )]TJ 0.219 Tw T* [(Pr)1(ont)2(os)1(i)2(l)2( w)-1(a)1(s)1( t)2(he)1( c)1(ur)1(a)1(t)2(i)2(ve)1( m)-1(oi)2(e)1(t)2(y,)1( t)2(hi)2(s)1( s)1(t)2(r)1(uc)1(t)2(ur)1(e)1( w)-1(a)1(s)1( i)2(nc)1(or)1(por)1(a)1(t)2(e)1(d i)2(nt)2(o a)1( )]TJ 0.041 Tw T* [(var)1(i)1(et)1(y of anal)1(ogue m)-1(ol)1(ecul)1(es w)-1(i)1(t)1(h t)1(he i)1(nt)1(ent)1(i)1(on of enhanci)1(ng i)1(t)1(s behavi)1(our)1(.)1( )]TJ 0.171 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(Som)-1(e)1( e)1(a)1(r)1(l)2(y s)1(uc)]TJ 0.172 Tw [(cesses are i)1(ncl)1(uded i)1(n B)-1(ox 2,)1( t)1(oget)1(her)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h i)1(ndi)1(cat)1(i)1(ons of )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(hei)1(r)1( advant)1(ages over)1( t)1(he par)1(ent)1( P)-1(r)1(ont)1(osi)1(l)1(.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 17.203 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.034 Tw -17.203 -1.404 Td [(T)-1(he end of t)1(he m)-1(ul)1(t)1(i)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.336 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.034 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(col)1(oured rai)1(nbow)-1( l)1(eads,)1( som)-1(e bel)1(i)1(eve,)1( t)1(o)1( a pot)1( of gol)1(d,)1( )]TJ 0.032 Tw -8.672 -1.108 Td [(but)1( t)1(hi)1(s w)-1(as not)1( t)1(he case for)1( I)1(.)1( G)-1(.)1( Far)1(beni)1(ndust)1(r)1(i)1(e,)1( D)-1(om)-1(agk\222)1(s em)-1(pl)1(oyer)1(.)1( T)-1(he)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 31.009 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.058 Tw -31.009 -1.102 Td [(act)1(i)1(ve m)-1(et)1(abol)1(i)1(t)1(e,)1( sul)1(fani)1(l)1(am)-1(i)1(de,)1( w)-1(as i)1(n t)2(he publ)1(i)1(c dom)-1(ai)1(n and coul)1(d not)1( be )]TJ 0.076 Tw T* [(pat)1(ent)1(ed.)1( )-1(B)-1(ut)1( )-1(t)1(he )-1(sear)1(ch for)1( t)1(he pot)1( of gol)1(d r)1(em)-1(ai)1(ned t)1(he m)-1(ai)1(n st)1(i)1(m)-1(ul)1(us for)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(phar)1(m)-1(aceut)1(i)1(cal)1( fi)1(r)1(m)-1(s t)1(o pur)1(sue t)1(hei)1(r)1( r)1(esear)1(ches.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.487 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.198 Tw -19.487 -1.404 Td [(T)-1(hanks t)1(o sul)1(fonam)-1(i)1(de t)1(her)1(apy,)1( di)1(seases w)-1(hi)1(ch had bee)]TJ 23.697 0 Td [(n associ)1(at)1(ed w)-1(i)1(t)1(h )]TJ 0.452 Tw -23.697 -1.102 Td [(di)1(spi)1(r)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(ng m)-1(or)1(t)1(al)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(es saw)-1( a dr)1(am)-1(at)1(i)1(c r)1(educt)1(i)1(on i)1(n t)1(hei)1(r)1( deat)1(h r)1(at)1(es.)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* [(T)-1(ypi)1(cal)1(l)1(y,)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 4.459 0 Td [(th)-1(e)-1(re)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.007 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.36 0 Td [(w)-2(e)-1(re)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.311 0 Td (1750)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.368 0 Td [(deat)1(hs)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.565 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.36 0 Td [(fr)1(om)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.952 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.36 0 Td [(scarl)1(et)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.62 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.36 0 Td (fever)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.062 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.008 Tw 0.36 0 Td [(i)1(n Engl)1(and and W)-2(al)1(es )]TJ 0.066 Tw -22.144 -1.102 Td [(i)1(n 1935.)1( B)-1(y 1940 t)1(hi)1(s fi)1(gur)1(e had dr)1(opped t)1(o 250.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 20.203 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.065 Tw 0.317 0 Td [(I)1(n 1934 t)1(he)1(s)1(e)1( c)1(om)-1(pounds)1( )]TJ 0.164 Tw -20.52 -1.102 Td [(w)-1(er)1(e pr)1(act)1(i)1(cal)1(l)1(y unk)]TJ 8.525 0 Td [(now)-1(n.)1( I)1(n 1941,)1( 10)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.164 Tw 8.165 0 Td [(15 m)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(on peopl)1(e i)1(n t)1(he U)-1(S w)-1(er)1(e )]TJ 0.15 Tw -16.691 -1.108 Td [(t)1(r)1(eat)1(ed by sul)1(fani)1(l)1(am)-1(i)1(de and i)1(t)1(s anal)1(ogues.)1( B)-1(y 1943 t)1(hi)1(s had r)1(i)1(sen t)1(o 130 )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.253 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(m)-2(illio)-1(n)-1( \()-1(6)-1(\).)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 527.3168 293.46 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.252 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 531.3371 289.44 Tm [(I)1(t)1( i)1(s)1( pr)1(oba)1(bl)1(e)1( t)1(ha)1(t)1( no t)1(he)1(r)1(a)1(pe)1(ut)1(i)1(c)1( r)1(e)1(m)-1(e)1(di)1(e)1(s)1( ha)1(ve)1( s)1(i)1(nc)1(e)1( be)1(e)1(n )]TJ 0.001 Tw -5.231 -1.102 Td [(devel)1(oped so w)-1(i)1(del)1(y i)1(n so shor)1(t)1( a t)1(i)1(m)-1(e.)1( H)-1(ow)-1(ever)1(,)1( by t)1(he l)1(a)]TJ 0.002 Tw [(t)1(e 1940s peni)1(ci)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(n )]TJ 0.129 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(t)1(her)1(apy becam)-1(e t)1(he pr)1(efer)1(r)1(ed opt)1(i)1(on because i)1(t)1( w)-1(as act)1(i)1(ve agai)1(nst)1( a w)-1(i)1(der)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(spect)1(rum)-1( of di)1(sease and caused few)-1(er si)1(de effect)1(s \(7\).)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 21.607 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.102 Tw -21.607 -1.404 Td [(D)-1(i)1(seases i)1(n w)-1(hi)1(ch onl)1(y t)1(he sul)1(fa dr)1(ugs ar)1(e r)1(ecom)-1(m)-1(ended ar)1(e now)-1( few)-1( and )]TJ 0.046 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(have been r)1(est)1(r)1(i)1(ct)1(ed by t)1(he em)-1(er)1(genc)]TJ 0.047 Tw 15.149 0 Td [(e of acqui)1(red resi)1(st)1(ance i)1(n m)-1(any of t)1(he )]TJ 0.037 Tw -15.149 -1.102 Td [(pr)1(evi)1(ousl)1(y suscept)1(i)1(bl)1(e or)1(gani)1(sm)-1(s.)1( T)-1(hei)1(r)1( pr)1(i)1(nci)1(pal)1( val)1(ue i)1(s i)1(n t)1(r)1(eat)1(i)1(ng ur)1(i)1(nar)1(y )]TJ 0.248 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(r)1(act)1( i)1(nfect)1(i)1(ons i)1(n com)-1(bi)1(nat)1(i)1(on t)1(her)1(apy.)1( T)-1(hei)1(r)1( use i)1(n t)1(r)1(eat)1(i)1(ng r)1(espi)1(r)1(at)1(or)1(y )]TJ 0.344 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(i)1(nfect)1(i)1(ons i)1(s r)1(est)1(r)1(i)1(ct)1(ed m)-1(ai)1(nl)1(y t)1(o )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 14.915 0 Td [(Pne)1(um)-1(oc)1(y)1(t)1(i)1(s)1( c)1(ar)1(i)1(ni)1(i)1( )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.002 Tw 9 0 Td [(pneum)-1(on)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.345 Tw [(ia)-1(. T)-2(h)-1(is)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -23.915 -1.102 Td [(pneum)-1(oni)1(a,)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.712 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.353 0 Td [(once r)1(ar)1(e,)]TJ 0 Tc 3.958 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.352 0 Td [(i)1(s ever)]TJ 0 Tc 2.649 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.336 0 Td [(i)1(ncr)1(easi)1(ng as an oppor)1(t)1(uni)1(st)1(i)1(c)]TJ 0 Tc 11.965 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.352 0 Td [(i)1(nfect)1(i)1(on ow)-1(i)1(ng )]TJ 0.216 Tw -24.678 -1.102 Td [(t)1(o A)-2(I)1(D)-1(S)-1(.)1( T)-1(he val)1(ue of sul)1(fonam)-1(i)1(des i)1(n t)1(r)1(eat)1(i)1(ng m)-1(eni)1(ngococcal)1( i)1(nfect)1(i)1(on )]TJ 0.317 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(\(m)-1(eni)1(ngi)1(t)1(i)1(s\))1( i)1(s r)1(educed ow)-1(i)1(ng t)1(o bact)1(er)1(i)1(al)1( r)1(esi)1(st)1(ance.)1( S)-1(ul)1(fonam)-1(i)1(des ar)1(e )]TJ 0.099 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(occasi)1(onal)1(l)1(y used for)1( t)1(r)1(ach)]TJ 11.09 0 Td [(om)-1(a,)1( sexual)1(l)1(y t)1(r)1(ansm)-1(i)1(t)1(t)1(ed chl)1(am)-1(ydi)1(al)1( i)1(nfect)1(i)1(ons,)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw -11.09 -1.102 Td (and for drug)Tj 0 Tc 0 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S)-1(t)1(affordshi)1(re\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.971 0 Td ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 56.7199 339.42 Tm (Crunch Times for British Chemistry )Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.296 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 56.7199 325.44 Tm [(R)-1(ecent)1(l)1(y \(1,)1( 2\),)1( I present)1(ed account)1(s of t)1(he dram)-1(at)1(i)1(sed versi)1(on of m)-1(y )]TJ 0.01 Tw T* [(\221)1(V)-1(i)1(c)1(t)1(or)1(y Pl)1(a)1(c)1(e)1( M)-1(a)1(ge)1(nt)1(a)1( St)1(or)1(y\222)1(,)1( w)-1(hi)1(c)1(h w)-1(a)1(s)1( a)1(c)1(t)1(e)1(d by l)1(oc)1(a)1(l)1( 10 ye)1(a)1(r)1( ol)1(ds)1( \(3\))1(,)1( a)1(s)1( )]TJ 0.126 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(par)1(t)1( of N)-1(at)1(i)1(onal)1( Sci)1(ence W)-2(eek 2009.)1( )]TJ 0.127 Tw [(T)-1(hi)1(s w)-1(as t)1(he 17)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 281.4196 307.44 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.126 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 286.0866 303.42 Tm [( s)1(c)1(i)1(e)1(nc)1(e)1( pl)1(a)1(y I)1( ha)1(d )]TJ 0.398 Tw -23.029 -1.102 Td [(r)1(e)1(s)1(e)1(a)1(r)1(c)1(he)1(d,)1( w)-1(r)1(i)1(t)1(t)1(e)1(n a)1(nd pr)1(oduc)1(e)1(d on,)1( or)1( ne)1(a)1(r)1(,)1( 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[(chi)1(l)1(dren.)1( In previ)1(ous school)1(s t)1(hi)1(s )1(has been done by each of t)1(he act)1(ors w)-1(ri)1(t)1(i)1(ng )]TJ 0.371 Tw T* [(a short)1( post)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.37 Tw 5.707 0 Td [(per)1(for)1(m)-1(ance account)1( of t)1(he pl)1(ay,)1( fol)1(l)1(ow)-1(ed by key )]TJ -0.002 Tw 23.238 0 Td [(w)-1(or)1(d )]TJ -0.001 Tw -28.946 -1.108 Td [(anal)1(ysi)1(s,)1( by m)-1(e,)1( of t)1(ho)1(se account)1(s.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.942 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.192 Tw -13.942 -1.404 Td [(T)-1(ypi)1(cal)1(l)1(y,)1( ot)1(her)1( school)1(s have pr)1(ovi)1(ded about)1( 92%)-4( of t)1(he cast)1(\222)1(s pot)1(ent)1(i)1(al)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* (post)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.674 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.278 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(per)1(for)1(m)-1(ance account)1(s of t)1(he pl)1(ay.)1( O)-1(nl)1(y 4 \(15%)-3(\))1(,)1( of t)1(he pr)1(om)-1(i)1(sed )]TJ 0.123 Tw -2.01 -1.108 Td [(account)1(s w)-1(ere event)1(ual)1(l)1(y recei)1(ved from)-1( V)-2(i)1(ct)1(ory P)-1(l)1(ace,)1( of w)-1(hi)1(ch,)1( onl)1(y one )]TJ 0.077 Tw T* [(\(4%)-4(\))1( of t)1(hese act)1(ual)1(l)1(y r)1(efer)1(r)1(ed at)1( al)1(l)1( t)1(o t)1(he pl)1(ay\222)1(s cont)1(ent)1(s,)1( and t)1(hat)1( fr)1(om)-1( a )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw T* [(g)-1(irl)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.846 0 Td [(w)-1(ho)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.181 0 Td [(vol)1(unt)1(eer)1(ed)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.739 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.452 0 Td (she)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.79 0 Td [(w)-1(ant)1(ed)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.899 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.452 0 Td (to)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.781 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.452 0 Td (be)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 1.399 0 Td (a)Tj 0.446 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.452 0 Td [(chem)-1(i)1(st)1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.374 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc 0.452 0 Td [( O)-2(n)-1(ly)]TJ 0 Tc 2.259 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.452 0 Td (one)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.901 0 Td [(ot)1(her)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.063 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.452 0 Td [(chi)1(l)1(d )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.259 0 Td ( )Tj 9 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.JE}y7aPLRH4 3.XA3S´5kCاqAhs^Rز ZHV@hںOK?+K߼fS_3W{5[R$o//J n[.D0$th1Z5Y,f`0z e_5mk5fVtUJ{wJ{Տluc /2X7٭}ъ9ӓ'K\\l42yMw[ʁOVBPXӐ9@̓47u-C/C,ߴ$@"^ (y5"o.ZQ|y|D֥l8ՇH $Ffpq M7Wo4bFûvL:<3DP6?##>$|G,M"]w+Oܩa:Ikpf٤7tkkp9~eޯֶU^uGej^{elXwY撽4>n(MBbEyGϊ$16O>v̤3zj5O; mh{w;oyx %P 0֎6b sDQ|m!7(}$'z"dL\lqDMl dW@`Ҙh0M tyBŗ`k+2>stream h<] @E>!㮖"h!EE ".5z=r玷b6}kb [&=,w!ֲ# nj6Kn㮻2OccY)=/$DF1WB8fgP6]%Aik۰'UօFfÅ1>Т~wwR8A`)Lp endstream endobj 35 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 36 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.167 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 56.7199 529.44 Tm [(m)-1(uch at)1(t)1(ent)1(i)1(on t)1(o r)1(em)-1(edy t)1(he above w)-1(i)1(de educat)1(i)1(onal)1( per)1(for)1(m)-1(ances.)1( W)-2(i)1(l)1(l)1( )]TJ 0.073 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(hose ext)1(r)1(a r)1(esour)1(c)]TJ 0.074 Tw 7.731 0 Td [(es be avai)1(l)1(abl)1(e for such chi)1(l)1(dren i)1(n t)1(hei)1(r cruci)1(al)1( l)1(earni)1(ng )]TJ -0.001 Tw -7.731 -1.108 Td [(per)1(i)1(od,)1( i)1(n 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[(Pr)1(i)2(e)1(s)1(t)2(l)2(e)1(y\222)1(s)1( books)1(,)1( pa)1(pe)1(r)1(s)1( a)1(nd pa)1(m)-1(phl)2(e)1(t)2(s)1(,)1( m)-1(a)1(ny of)1( w)-1(hi)2(c)1(h a)1(r)1(e)1( now)-1( a)1(va)1(i)2(l)2(a)1(bl)2(e)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(for)1( dow)-1(nl)1(oadi)1(ng fr)1(om)-1( t)1(he I)1(nt)1(er)1(net)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.718 0 Td ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf -14.431 -1.307 Td <005F>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.351 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.078 Tw 0.361 0 Td [(H)-1(i)1(s ent)1(r)1(i)1(es i)1(n t)1(he D)-1(i)1(ct)1(i)1(onar)1(y of Sci)1(ent)1(i)1(fi)1(c B)-1(i)1(ogr)1(aphy \(and pr)1(esum)-1(abl)1(y t)1(he )]TJ 0.011 Tw T* [(new)-1( 2008 ver)1(si)1(on,)1( but)1( I)1( haven')1(t)1( checked t)1(h)]TJ 17.271 0 Td [(i)1(s\))1( and t)1(he O)-1(xfor)1(d D)-1(i)1(ct)1(i)1(onar)1(y of )]TJ -0.001 Tw -17.271 -1.108 Td [(N)-1(at)1(i)1(onal)1( B)-1(i)1(ogr)1(aphy)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.947 0 Td ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf -8.66 -1.301 Td <005F>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.351 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.123 Tw 0.361 0 Td [(Si)2(ngl)2(e)1( vol)2(um)-1(e)1( de)1(di)2(c)1(a)1(t)2(e)1(d bi)2(ogr)1(a)1(phi)2(e)1(s)1( s)1(uc)1(h a)1(s)1( t)2(he)1( one)1( r)1(e)1(c)1(e)1(nt)2(l)2(y w)-1(r)1(i)2(t)2(t)2(e)1(n by )]TJ 0.646 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(I)1(s)1(a)1(be)1(l)1( Ri)1(ve)1(r)1(s)1( a)1(nd D)-1(a)1(vi)1(d L.)1( W)-2(yke)1(s)1(:)1( )]TJ 0.051 0.051 0.051 scn /TT2 1 Tf 18.24 0 Td [(Joseph P)-1(ri)1(est)1(l)1(ey,)1( Sci)1(ent)1(i)1(st)1(,)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw -18.24 -1.102 Td [(Phi)1(l)1(os)1(ophe)1(r)1(,)1( and The)1(ol)1(ogi)1(an)]TJ 0 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw 11.741 0 Td ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf -12.454 -1.307 Td <005F>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.351 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.14 Tw 0.361 0 Td [(T)-1(he i)1(nfor)1(m)-1(at)1(i)1(on concer)1(ni)1(ng hi)1(m)-1( i)1(n V)-2(ol)1(um)-1(e 3 of P)-1(ar)1(t)1(i)1(ngt)1(on\222)1(s )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 26.112 0 Td [(H)-1(i)1(st)1(ory of)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw -26.112 -1.102 Td [(C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 4.127 0 Td (. )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.502 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.007 Tw -5.342 -1.307 Td [(T)-1(hi)1(s l)1(ast)1( w)-1(or)1(k i)1(s usual)1(l)1(y m)-1(y fi)1(r)1(st)1( por)1(t)1( of cal)1(l)1( and P)-1(ar)1(t)1(i)]TJ 21.81 0 Td [(ngt)1(on pr)1(ovi)1(des us w)-1(i)1(t)1(h )]TJ 0.19 Tw -21.81 -1.102 Td [(a 64 page \221bl)1(ock\222 ent)1(ry,)1( second onl)1(y t)1(o t)1(hat)1( for L)-1(avoi)1(si)1(er,)1( t)1(oget)1(her w)-1(i)1(t)1(h )]TJ 0.187 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(som)-1(e 100 references scat)1(t)1(ered across t)1(he rem)-1(ai)1(nder of t)1(he vol)1(um)-1(e.)1( F)-1(rom)-1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(Pa)1(r)1(t)2(i)2(ngt)2(on\222)1(s)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 5.561 0 Td [(w)-2(ritin)-1(g)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.9 0 Td ( )Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.653 0 Td (we)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.171 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.653 0 Td (get)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.227 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.653 0 Td [(som)-1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.772 0 Td [(i)1(nfor)1(m)-1(at)1(i)1(on)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.741 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.653 0 Td (about)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 2.783 0 Td [(P)-1(ri)1(est)1(l)1(ey)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.514 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.552 0 Td (and)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.002 0 Td [(hi)1(s )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.423 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 203.6347 62.46 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (31)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.132 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 529.44 Tm [(charact)1(er,)1( bu)]TJ 0.131 Tw 5.316 0 Td [(t)1( not)1( m)-1(uch.)1( M)-2(ai)1(nl)1(y,)1( as one w)-1(oul)1(d expect)1( fr)1(om)-1( t)1(hi)1(s par)1(t)1(i)1(cul)1(ar)1( )]TJ 0.127 Tw -5.316 -1.102 Td [(hi)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(an of chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y,)1( i)1(t)1( i)1(s a schol)1(ar)1(l)1(y account)1( of hi)1(s cont)1(r)1(i)1(but)1(i)1(ons t)1(o our)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* [(subj)1(ect)1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.139 Tw 0 -1.602 TD [(K)-1(ei)1(t)1(h B)-1(aker)1(,)1( t)1(he aut)1(hor)1( of t)1(hi)1(s at)1(t)1(r)1(act)1(i)1(vel)1(y i)1(l)1(l)1(ust)1(r)1(at)1(ed vol)1(um)-1(e,)1( pr)1(ovi)1(des us )]TJ 0.323 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(w)-1(i)1(t)1(h com)-1(pl)1(em)-1(ent)1(ar)1(y i)1(nfor)1(m)-1(at)1(i)1(on )]TJ 14.494 0 Td [(t)1(o enabl)1(e us t)1(o get)1( an i)1(m)-1(pr)1(essi)1(on of )]TJ 0.101 Tw -14.494 -1.102 Td [(Pr)1(i)2(e)1(s)1(t)2(l)2(e)1(y,)1( t)2(he)1( m)-1(a)1(n,)1( hi)2(s)1( c)1(ha)1(r)1(a)1(c)1(t)2(e)1(r)1( a)1(nd t)2(he)1( r)1(e)1(l)2(a)1(t)2(i)2(ons)1(hi)2(ps)1( he)1( ha)1(d w)-1(i)2(t)2(h s)1(om)-1(e)1( of)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(hi)1(s cont)1(em)-1(por)1(ar)1(i)1(es.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.862 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.079 Tw -7.862 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(hus w)-1(e have ni)1(ne chapt)1(er)1(s devot)1(ed t)1(o hi)1(s pr)1(i)1(nci)1(pal)1( fr)1(i)1(ends and foes )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 28.724 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.079 Tw 0.504 0 Td [( )1(o)1(n)1(e)1( )]TJ 0.081 Tw -29.229 -1.102 Td [(chapt)1(er api)1(ece )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.183 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.081 Tw 0.504 0 Td [( and t)1(w)-1(o \221om)-1(ni)1(bus\222 ones \(one)1( t)1(o )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.082 Tw 13.817 0 Td [(K)-2(in)-1(g)-1( G)-2(e)-1(o)-1(rg)-1(e)-1( III, W)-3(illia)-1(m)-2( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.052 Tw -20.504 -1.108 Td [(Pi)2(t)2(t)2( a)1(nd Edm)-1(und Bur)1(k,)1( a)1(nd a)1(not)2(he)1(r)1( t)2(o t)2(he)1( t)2(hr)1(e)1(e)1( U)-1(SA)-1( pr)1(e)1(s)1(i)2(de)1(nt)2(s)1( w)-1(i)2(t)2(h w)-1(hom)-1( )]TJ 0.064 Tw T* [(he had som)-1(e i)1(nt)1(er)1(act)1(i)1(ons:)1( W)-2(ashi)1(ngt)1(on,)1( A)-2(dam)-1(s and Jeffer)1(son\))1(.)1( B)-1(aker)1( count)1(s )]TJ 0.282 Tw T* [(am)-1(ong P)-1(ri)1(est)1(l)1(ey\222s \221fri)1(ends\222 B)-1(enj)1(am)-1(i)1(n F)-1(rankl)1(i)1(n,)1( R)-1(i)1(chard P)-1(r)1(i)1(ce \(a radi)1(cal)1( )]TJ 0.376 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(di)1(ssent)1(er)1( and )]TJ 6.275 0 Td [(schol)1(ar\),)1( John W)-2(i)1(l)1(ki)1(nson \(i)1(ron m)-1(ast)1(er,)1( ent)1(repreneur and )]TJ 0.156 Tw -6.275 -1.102 Td [(i)1(nvent)1(or)1(\))1(,)1( A)-2(nna B)-1(ar)1(boul)1(d \(w)-1(r)1(i)1(t)1(er)1(,)1( poet)1( and r)1(el)1(i)1(gi)1(ous essayi)1(st)1(\))1(,)1( T)-1(heophi)1(l)1(us )]TJ 0.414 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(Li)1(nds)1(e)1(y \()1(c)1(l)1(e)1(r)1(gym)-1(a)1(n,)1( de)1(s)1(c)1(r)1(i)1(be)1(d he)1(r)1(e)1( a)1(s)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 17.801 0 Td [(Pr)1(i)1(e)1(s)1(t)1(l)1(e)1(y)1(\222)1(s)1( c)1(l)1(os)1(e)1(s)1(t)1( f)1(r)1(i)1(e)1(nd)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.757 0 Td [(\))1( a)1(nd )]TJ 0.275 Tw -28.559 -1.108 Td [(T)-1(hom)-1(as C)-1(ooper)1( \(w)-1(r)1(i)1(t)1(er)1(,)1( l)1(aw)-1(yer)1( and pol)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(cal)1( act)1(i)1(vi)1(st)1(\))1(.)1( )]TJ 23.819 0 Td [(A)-2(s t)1(o P)-1(ri)1(est)1(l)1(ey\222s )]TJ 0.141 Tw -23.819 -1.102 Td [(\221)1(foe)1(s)1(\222)1(,)1( w)-1(e)1( ha)1(ve)1( s)1(ubs)1(t)1(a)1(nt)1(i)1(a)1(l)1( a)1(c)1(c)1(ount)1(s)1( of Sa)1(m)-1(ue)1(l)1( H)-1(or)1(s)1(l)1(e)1(y \(bi)1(s)1(hop a)1(nd hi)1(gh)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 30.673 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.466 Tw -30.673 -1.102 Td [(church conservat)1(i)1(ve\),)1( W)-3(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(am)-1( C)-1(obbet)1(t)1( \(essayi)1(st)1(,)1( sa)1(t)1(i)1(r)1(i)1(st)1( a)1(nd pol)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(cal)1( )]TJ 0.13 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(w)-1(r)1(i)1(t)1(er)1(\))1(.)1(.)1(.)1( and A)-2(nt)1(oi)1(ne Lavoi)1(si)1(er)1(,)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h w)-1(hom)-1( Pr)1(i)1(est)1(l)1(ey fel)1(l)1( out)1(,)1( feel)1(i)1(ng t)1(hat)1( )]TJ 0.217 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(hi)1(s w)-1(or)1(k on t)1(he d)]TJ 7.845 0 Td [(i)1(scover)1(y of oxygen w)-1(as bei)1(ng under)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 15.618 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.217 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(val)1(ued,)1( and even )]TJ 0.234 Tw -23.798 -1.102 Td [(appropri)1(at)1(ed,)1( by t)1(he F)-1(rench chem)-1(i)1(st)1(.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s chapt)1(er,)1( som)-1(e 13 pages l)1(ong,)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(cont)1(ai)1(ns t)1(he act)1(ual)1( bul)2(k of)1( t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry i)1(n t)1(he book.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 21.302 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.401 Tw -21.302 -1.602 Td [(B)-1(aker w)-1(ri)1(t)1(es percept)1(i)1(vel)1(y on hi)1(s subj)1(ect)1(s \(see exam)-1(pl)1(e bel)1(ow)-1( as an )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw T* [(illu)-1(s)-1(tra)-1(tio)]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.133 Tw 3.848 0 Td [(n\))1( and t)1(hi)1(s vol)1(um)-1(e i)1(s an i)1(m)-1(por)1(t)1(ant)1( addi)1(t)1(i)1(on t)1(o our)1( know)-1(l)1(edge of )]TJ 0.101 Tw -3.848 -1.102 Td [(Joseph P)-1(ri)1(est)1(l)1(ey.)1( T)-1(he aut)1(hor i)1(s t)1(o be com)-1(pl)1(i)1(m)-1(ent)1(ed on percei)1(vi)1(ng t)1(he need )]TJ 0.088 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(for)1( t)1(hi)1(s book,)1( and t)1(hen w)-1(r)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(ng i)1(t)1(,)1( and t)1(he P)-1(r)1(i)1(est)1(l)1(ey S)-1(oci)1(et)1(y for)1( under)1(t)1(aki)1(ng )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(i)1(t)1(s publ)1(i)1(cat)1(i)1(on.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.968 0 Td ( )Tj -5.255 -1.602 Td (\221)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.046 Tw 0.334 0 Td [(The)1( appr)1(oac)1(h of)2( Pr)1(i)2(e)1(s)1(t)]TJ 9.429 0 Td [(l)1(ey and L)-1(avoi)1(si)1(er t)1(o sci)1(ent)1(i)1(f)1(i)1(c i)1(nvest)1(i)1(gat)1(i)1(on w)-1(as )]TJ 0.077 Tw -9.763 -1.108 Td [(qui)1(t)1(e di)1(f)1(f)1(erent)1(.)1( Pri)1(est)1(l)1(ey w)-1(as pri)1(m)-1(ari)1(l)1(y a t)1(heol)1(ogi)1(an,)1( w)-1(ho bel)1(i)1(eved t)1(hat)1( )]TJ 0.067 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(a st)1(udy of)1( sci)1(ence w)-1(oul)1(d provi)1(de f)1(urt)1(her underst)1(andi)1(ng of)1( G)-1(od')1(s grand )]TJ 0.056 Tw T* [(desi)1(gn on eart)1(h.)1( 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at)1(t)1(em)-1(pt)1( i)1(n )1(1894,)1( w)-1(h)1(i)1(ch )]TJ 0.015 Tw -4.295 -1.102 Td [(w)-1(as r)1(epeat)1(ed,)1( and t)1(hi)1(s t)1(i)1(m)-1(e successful)1(,)1( as l)1(at)1(e as 2006.)1( Last)1( but)1( not)1( l)1(east)1(,)1( t)1(he )]TJ 0.318 Tw T* [(di)1(ffi)1(cul)1(t)1(i)1(es and di)1(l)1(em)-1(m)-1(as i)1(nvol)1(ved i)1(n bei)1(ng sci)1(ent)1(i)1(st)1(s under)1( t)1(he V)-2(i)1(chy )]TJ 0.077 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(gover)1(nm)-1(ent)1( and G)-1(er)1(m)-1(an O)-1(ccupat)1(i)1(on )]TJ 15.423 0 Td [(dur)1(i)1(ng W)-2(or)1(l)1(d W)-2(ar)1( T)-1(w)-1(o ar)1(e addr)1(essed )]TJ 0.133 Tw -15.423 -1.102 Td [(i)1(n sever)1(al)1( bi)1(ogr)1(aphi)1(cal)1( ent)1(r)1(i)1(es,)1( especi)1(al)1(l)1(y t)1(hose of Er)1(nest)1( F)-1(our)1(neau,)1( P)-1(i)1(er)1(r)1(e )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(Jol)1(i)1(ot)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 2.567 0 Td [(C)-1(uri)1(e,)1( H)-1(enri)1( M)-2(oureu,)1( and Jacques T)-1(efou\353l)1(.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 17.9 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.197 Tw -20.468 -1.404 Td [(I)1(t)1(i)1(n\351)1(r)1(ai)1(r)1(e)1(s)1( de)1( c)1(hi)1(m)-1(i)1(s)1(t)1(e)1(s)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.198 Tw 10.272 0 Td [(i)1(s beaut)1(i)1(ful)1(l)1(y pr)1(oduced and w)-1(el)1(l)1( concei)1(ved,)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h )]TJ 0.014 Tw -10.272 -1.102 Td [(num)-1(er)1(ous por)1(t)1(r)1(ai)1(t)1(s )]TJ 0.015 Tw [(a)1(nd phot)1(og)1(rap)1(hs)1(.)1( It)2( b)1(egi)1(ns w)-1(i)1(t)1(h a hel)1(pful)1( sum)-1(m)-1(ary of t)1(he )]TJ 0.043 Tw T* [(Soc)1(i)2(e)1(t)2(y\222)1(s)1( hi)2(s)1(t)2(or)1(y i)2(n a)1(n i)2(nt)2(r)1(oduc)1(t)2(i)2(on w)-1(r)1(i)2(t)2(t)2(e)1(n by t)2(he)1( vol)2(um)-1(e)1(\222)1(s)1( c)1(oor)1(di)2(na)1(t)2(or)1( a)1(nd )]TJ 0.183 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(Pr)1(e)1(s)1(i)2(de)1(nt)2( of)1( t)2(he)1( SFC\222)1(s)1( hi)2(s)1(t)2(or)1(i)2(c)1(a)1(l)2( gr)1(oup,)1( La)1(ur)1(e)1(nc)1(e)1( Le)1(s)1(t)2(e)1(l)2(,)1( f)1(ol)2(l)2(ow)-1(e)1(d by 88 )]TJ 0.325 Tw T* [(bi)1(ogr)1(aphi)1(cal)1( ent)1(r)1(i)1(es,)1( each of t)1(hem)-1( sum)-1(m)-1(ar)1(i)1(sed i)1(n )]TJ 22.299 0 Td [(Engl)1(i)1(s)1(h.)1( T)-1(he)1( e)1(nt)1(r)1(i)1(e)1(s)1( )]TJ 0.111 Tw -22.299 -1.108 Td [(i)1(ncl)1(ude not)1( onl)1(y past)1( P)-1(r)1(esi)1(dent)1(s,)1( but)1( al)1(so H)-1(onor)1(ar)1(y P)-1(r)1(esi)1(dent)1(s,)1( and F)-1(r)1(ench )]TJ 0.041 Tw T* [(w)-1(i)1(nner)1(s of t)1(he N)-1(obel)1( Pr)1(i)1(ze w)-1(ho w)-1(er)1(e m)-1(em)-1(ber)1(s of t)1(he SFC)-1(,)1( such as t)1(he onl)1(y )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(t)1(w)-1(o w)-1(om)-1(en i)1(ncl)1(uded i)1(n t)1(he book:)1( M)-2(ar)1(i)1(e and I)1(r)1(\350ne C)-1(ur)1(i)1(e.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 23.114 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.184 Tw -23.114 -1.41 Td [(I)1(n s)1(um)-1(,)1( t)1(hi)1(s)1( i)1(s)1( a)1(n i)1(nt)1(e)1(r)1(e)1(s)1(t)1(i)1(ng )]TJ 0.185 Tw 12.685 0 Td [(and w)-1(el)1(l)1( produced di)1(ct)1(i)1(onary of bi)1(ography,)1( )]TJ 0.017 Tw -12.685 -1.102 Td [(w)-1(hose val)1(ue l)1(i)1(es as m)-1(uch i)1(n t)1(he quest)1(i)1(ons i)1(t)1( opens up for)1( fur)1(t)1(her)1( r)1(esear)1(ch,)1( as )]TJ 0.27 Tw T* [(t)1(hose i)1(t)1( answ)-1(er)1(s,)1( and I)1( am)-1( happy t)1(o r)1(ecom)-1(m)-1(end i)1(t)1( t)1(o m)-1(em)-1(ber)1(s of t)1(he )]TJ 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(ϲʿ¼HG.)2( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.85 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 20.941 -1.102 Td [(V)-2(i)1(vi)1(ane Q)-1(ui)1(rke)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.218 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -10.987 -1.102 Td [(O)-1(xfor)1(d B)-1(r)1(ookes U)-1(ni)1(ver)1(si)1(t)1(y)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.987 0 Td ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 479.2399 298.44 Tm (M)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.002 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 490.5661 298.44 Tm [(EETI)1(NG AND )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 556.1325 298.44 Tm (C)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 564.7985 298.44 Tm [(ONF)1(ER)]TJ (ENCE )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 630.0817 298.44 Tm (R)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 638.7477 298.44 Tm (EPORTS)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 678.6891 298.44 Tm ( )Tj -16.621 -1.165 Td (Chemists and the Law. Friday 23 October 2009.)Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.139 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 270.42 Tm [(T)-1(hi)1(s m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ng w)-1(as or)1(gani)1(sed by t)1(he R)-1(oyal)1( S)-1(oci)1(et)1(y of C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y H)-1(i)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(cal)1( )]TJ 0.029 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(G)-1(r)1(oup and w)-1(as hel)1(d i)1(n t)1(he C)-1(ounci)1(l)1( R)-1(oom)-1( at)1( B)-1(ur)1(l)1(i)1(ngt)1(on H)-1(ouse.)1( T)-1(he m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ng )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(at)1(t)1(ract)1(ed about)1( 50 peopl)1(e,)1( i)2(n t)1(he m)-1(ai)1(n m)-1(em)-1(bers of t)1(h)]TJ 21.19 0 Td [(e H)-1(i)1(st)1(ori)1(cal)1( G)-1(roup.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.723 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc 0.097 Tw -28.913 -1.41 Td [(W)-3(h)-1(en)-1( th)-1(e C)-2(o)-1(m)-2(m)-2(ittee f)-1(irs)-1(t d)-1(is)-1(cu)-1(s)-1(s)-1(ed)-1( th)-1(e id)-1(ea o)-1(f)-1( a m)-2(eetin)-1(g)-1( o)-1(n)-1( th)-1(e th)-1(em)-2(e o)-1(f)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.049 Tw T* [(chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s and t)1(he l)1(aw)-1( and)1( began t)1(o i)1(dent)1(i)1(fy t)1(he possi)1(bl)1(e t)1(opi)1(cs t)1(hat)1( )1(m)-1(i)1(gh)1(t)1( be )]TJ 0.34 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(addressed i)1(t)1( becam)-1(e evi)1(den)1(t)1( qui)1(t)1(e soon t)1(hat)1( som)-1(e sel)1(ect)1(i)1(on w)-1(oul)1(d be )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(necessar)1(y.)1( N)-1(ever)1(t)1(h)]TJ 0.001 Tw 7.639 0 Td [(el)1(ess,)1( t)1(he fi)1(nal)1( program)-1(m)-1(e refl)1(ect)1(ed a connect)1(i)1(on bet)1(w)-1(een )]TJ 0.485 Tw -7.639 -1.102 Td [(t)1(he l)1(aw)-1( and var)1(i)1(ous ar)1(eas of chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y i)1(ncl)1(udi)1(ng,)1( food and dr)1(i)1(nk,)1( )]TJ 0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(phar)1(m)-1(aceut)1(i)1(cal)1(s and dr)1(ugs and t)1(he det)1(ect)1(i)1(on of poi)1(sons,)1( as w)-1(el)1(l)1( as som)-1(e case )]TJ 0.134 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(st)1(udi)1(es w)-1(here chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s began t)1(o appear i)1(n court)1( cases a)]TJ 23.49 0 Td [(s expert)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(nesses )]TJ 0.06 Tw -23.49 -1.102 Td [(dur)1(i)1(ng )-1(t)1(he )-1(ear)1(l)1(y par)1(t)1( of t)1(he 19)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 602.3205 161.46 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.06 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 606.9875 157.44 Tm [( c)1(e)1(nt)2(ur)1(y.)1( W)-2(hi)2(l)2(e)1( t)2(he)1( m)-1(e)1(e)1(t)2(i)2(ng c)1(onc)1(e)1(nt)2(r)1(a)1(t)2(e)1(d on )]TJ 0.083 Tw -12.826 -1.102 Td [(hi)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(cal)1( aspect)1(s i)1(t)1( w)-1(as al)1(so fel)1(t)1( i)1(m)-1(por)1(t)1(ant)1( t)1(o r)1(efl)1(ect)1( on t)1(he m)-1(oder)1(n r)1(ol)1(e of )]TJ 0.005 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(chem)-1(i)1(st)1( i)1(n forensi)1(c sci)1(ence and how)-1( evi)1(dence i)1(s present)1(ed as part)1( of cri)1(m)-1(i)1(nal)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD (cas)Tj -0.001 Tw [(ew)-1(ork.)1( In t)1(ot)1(al)1( t)1(here w)-1(ere seven t)1(al)1(ks.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 16.559 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.13 Tw -16.559 -1.404 Td [(Ea)1(c)1(h t)1(a)1(l)1(k ga)1(ve)1( r)1(i)1(s)1(e)1( t)1(o a)1( num)-1(be)1(r)1( of)1( que)1(s)1(t)1(i)1(ons)1( f)1(r)1(om)-1( t)1(he)1( a)1(udi)1(e)1(nc)1(e)1( a)1(nd t)1(he)1(s)1(e)1( )]TJ 0.134 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(hel)1(ped t)1(o br)1(oaden out)1( t)1(he t)1(opi)1(c and al)1(l)1(ow)-1( t)1(he speaker)1( t)1(o el)1(abor)1(at)1(e fur)1(t)1(her)1( )]TJ 0.167 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(poi)1(nt)1(s excl)1(uded fr)1(om)-1( t)1(he t)1(al)1(k by l)1(i)1(m)-1(i)1(t)1(at)1(i)1(ons of t)1(i)1(m)-1(e.)1( O)-1(ver)1(al)1(l)1( t)1(he m)-1(e)]TJ -0.002 Tw 29.001 0 Td [(et)1(i)1(ng )]TJ -0.001 Tw -29.001 -1.102 Td [(seem)-1(s t)1(o have been w)-1(el)1(l)1( recei)1(ved by al)1(l)1( t)1(hose at)1(t)1(endi)1(ng.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 22.527 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 626.1547 63.42 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (34)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 53 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 54 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 56.7199 529.44 Tm [(A)-1(bst)1(ract)1(s)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.127 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.08 Tw -4.127 -1.608 Td [(Fr)1(ank Jam)-1(e)1(s)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.686 0 Td [( \(R)-1(oyal)1( I)1(nst)1(i)1(t)1(ut)1(i)1(on London\))1(,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.897 0 Td [(\221)1(An ol)1(d pr)1(ac)1(t)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(one)1(r)1( at)1( t)1(he)1( bar)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12.923 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.502 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -31.009 -1.102 Td [(M)-1(i)2(c)1(hae)1(l)2( Far)1(aday)1( i)2(n t)2(he)1( c)1(our)1(t)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 11.878 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.334 0 Td [(room)-1(\222)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.2 Tw -12.212 -1.608 Td [(U)-1(si)1(ng t)1(w)-1(o case st)1(udi)1(es r)1(el)1(at)1(i)1(ng t)1(o M)-2(i)1(chael)1( Far)1(aday\222)1(s r)1(ol)1(e as a sci)1(ent)]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 29.671 0 Td [(if)-1(ic)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.035 Tw -29.671 -1.102 Td [(expert)1( i)1(n court)1(,)1( Jam)-1(es drew)-1( at)1(t)1(ent)1(i)1(on t)1(o t)1(he probl)1(em)-1(s surroundi)1(ng t)1(he use of )]TJ 0.064 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(sci)1(ent)1(i)1(fi)1(c know)-1(l)1(edge and expert)1(i)1(se i)1(n a l)1(egal)1( set)1(t)1(i)1(ng.)1( F)-1(ol)1(l)1(ow)-1(i)1(ng a di)1(sast)1(rous )]TJ 0.139 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(fi)1(r)1(e i)1(n 1819 i)1(n a sugar)1( fact)1(or)1(y,)1( t)1(he i)1(nsur)1(er)1(s r)1(efused t)1(o pay t)1(he \243)-2(70,)1(000 t)1(o )]TJ 0.058 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(r)1(e)1(pa)1(i)1(r)1( t)1(he)1( da)1(m)-1(a)1(ge)1( c)1(a)]TJ 8.511 0 Td [(used because,)1( t)1(hey ar)1(gued,)1( t)1(hey had not)1( been i)1(nfor)1(m)-1(ed )]TJ 0.055 Tw -8.511 -1.102 Td [(of a change i)1(n m)-1(anufact)1(ur)1(i)1(ng pr)1(ocess w)-1(hi)1(ch i)1(n t)1(hei)1(r)1( vi)1(ew)-1( i)1(ncr)1(eased t)1(he r)1(i)1(sk )]TJ 0.025 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(of fi)1(r)1(e.)1( I)1(n t)1(he ensui)1(ng case pr)1(om)-1(i)1(nent)1( chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s,)1( i)1(ncl)1(udi)1(ng Far)1(aday,)1( Fr)1(i)1(edr)1(i)1(ch )]TJ 0.383 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(A)-2(ccum)-1(,)1( W)-3(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(am)-1( A)-2(l)1(l)1(en,)1( John B)-1(ost)1(ock,)1( W)-3(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(am)-1( T)-1(hom)]TJ 23.857 0 Td [(as B)-1(rande,)1( John )]TJ 0.247 Tw -23.857 -1.102 Td [(G)-1(eor)1(ge C)-1(hi)1(l)1(dr)1(en,)1( Sam)-1(uel)1( Par)1(kes and R)-1(i)1(char)1(d Phi)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(ps appear)1(ed on bot)1(h )]TJ 0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(si)1(des of t)1(he argum)-1(ent)1( as t)1(o w)-1(het)1(her t)1(he change i)1(n process had i)1(nval)1(i)1(dat)1(ed t)1(he )]TJ 0.154 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(i)1(nsur)1(ance pol)1(i)1(cy.)1( S)-1(uch opposi)1(ng exper)1(t)1( t)1(est)1(i)1(m)-1(ony annoyed t)1(he j)1(udge w)-1(ho )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(found t)1(he w)-1(hol)1(e pr)1(oces)]TJ 9.398 0 Td [(s a \221hum)-1(i)1(l)1(i)1(at)1(i)1(on for sci)1(ence\222.)1( T)-1(he i)1(nsurance com)-1(pany,)1( )]TJ 0.099 Tw -9.398 -1.108 Td [(for)1( w)-1(hom)-1( F)-1(ar)1(aday gave evi)1(dence,)1( l)1(ost)1( t)1(he case.)1( Jam)-1(es\222)1(s second case st)1(udy )]TJ 0.022 Tw T* [(w)-1(as t)1(he 1844 i)1(nquest)1( i)1(nt)1(o t)1(o expl)1(osi)1(on at)1( H)-1(asw)-1(el)1(l)1( C)-1(ol)1(l)1(i)1(er)1(y,)1( C)-1(ount)1(y D)-1(ur)1(ham)-1(,)1( )]TJ 0.071 Tw T* [(i)1(n w)-1(hi)1(ch ni)1(net)1(y)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.391 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.071 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(fi)1(ve m)-1(en and boys had been ki)1(l)1(l)1(ed.)1( A)-2(t)1( )]TJ 16.109 0 Td [(t)1(he per)1(sonal)1( r)1(equest)1( )]TJ 0.058 Tw -22.835 -1.108 Td [(of t)1(he Pr)1(i)1(m)-1(e M)-2(i)1(ni)1(st)1(er)1(,)1( R)-1(ober)1(t)1( Peel)1(,)1( Far)1(aday and t)1(he geol)1(ogi)1(st)1( C)-1(har)1(l)1(es Lyel)1(l)1( )]TJ 0.04 Tw T* [(t)1(ook par)1(t)1( i)1(n t)1(he pr)1(oceedi)1(ngs of t)1(he i)1(nquest)1(.)1( P)-1(eel)1(\222)1(s i)1(nvol)1(vem)-1(ent)1( i)1(ndi)1(cat)1(ed t)1(he )]TJ 0.027 Tw T* [(pol)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(cal)1(l)1(y sensi)1(t)1(i)1(ve nat)1(ur)1(e of t)1(he i)1(nquest)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch fol)1(l)1(ow)-1(ed a bi)1(t)1(t)1(er)1(l)1(y cont)1(est)1(ed )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.108 TD (s)Tj 0.001 Tc 0.046 Tw 0.391 0 Td [(trik)-1(e)-1( in)-1( th)-1(e)-1( N)-2(o)-1(rth)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.08 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.045 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(Ea)1(s)1(t)1( c)1(oa)1(l)1(f)1(i)1(e)1(l)1(d.)1( A)-1(l)1(t)1(hough t)1(he)1( i)1(nque)1(s)1(t)1( r)1(e)1(t)1(ur)1(ne)1(d a)1( ve)1(r)1(di)1(c)1(t)1( of)1( )]TJ 0.019 Tw -7.807 -1.102 Td [(acci)1(dent)1(al)1( deat)1(h \(t)1(hus exonerat)1(i)1(ng t)1(he m)-1(i)1(n)1(e ow)-1(ners fr)1(om)-1( any r)1(esponsi)1(bi)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(y\),)1( )]TJ 0.576 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(w)-1(i)1(t)1(h w)-1(hi)1(ch Far)1(aday and Lyel)1(l)1( agr)1(eed,)1( t)1(hei)1(r)1( subsequent)1( r)1(epor)1(t)1( so )]TJ 0.056 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(em)-1(barrassed t)1(he governm)-1(ent)1( t)1(hat)1( P)-1(eel)1( )]TJ 0.055 Tw 15.81 0 Td [(has t)1(o r)1(esor)1(t)1( t)1(o pol)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(cal)1( t)1(act)1(i)1(cs i)1(n t)1(he )]TJ 0.036 Tw -15.81 -1.102 Td [(C)-1(om)-1(m)-1(ons t)1(o suppress i)1(t)1(.)1( T)-1(he expl)1(osi)1(on and i)1(t)1(s i)1(nquest)1( subsequent)1(l)1(y ent)1(ered )]TJ 0.027 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(i)1(nt)1(o M)-2(ar)1(xi)1(st)1( l)1(i)1(t)1(er)1(at)1(ur)1(e and w)-1(as,)1( for)1( i)1(nst)1(ance,)1( di)1(scussed i)1(n F)-1(r)1(eder)1(i)1(ck Engel)1(s\222)1(s )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.004 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(C)-1(ondi)1(t)1(i)1(on of)1( t)1(he W)-2(orki)1(ng C)-1(l)1(ass i)1(n E)-1(ngl)1(and.)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.941 0 Td [(Jam)-1(es concl)1(uded f)]TJ 7.426 0 Td [(r)1(om)-1( bot)1(h c)1(a)1(s)1(e)1( )]TJ 0.13 Tw -25.367 -1.102 Td [(st)1(udi)1(es t)1(hat)1( t)1(he hi)1(st)1(ori)1(an coul)1(d not)1( i)1(sol)1(at)1(e t)1(he court)1( room)-1( from)-1( t)1(he rest)1( of )]TJ 0.192 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(soci)1(et)1(y,)1( but)1( t)1(hat)1( sci)1(ence,)1( pol)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(cs,)1( busi)1(ness and t)1(he l)1(aw)-1( w)-1(ere i)1(next)1(ri)1(cabl)1(y )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(l)1(i)1(nked t)1(hr)1(ough t)1(he l)1(egal)1( pr)1(ocess.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0 -1.602 TD [(Fur)1(t)1(he)1(r)1( r)1(e)1(adi)1(ng:)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.832 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.301 Tw -6.832 -1.608 Td [(June Z)-1(.)1( F)-1(ul)1(l)1(m)-1(er,)1( \221T)-1(echnol)1(ogy,)1( C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)]TJ 0.3 Tw 17.406 0 Td [(y,)1( and t)1(he Law)-1( i)1(n Ear)1(l)1(y 19t)1(h)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.267 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -30.673 -1.102 Td [(C)-1(ent)1(ury E)-1(ngl)1(and\222,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 7.668 0 Td [(Te)1(c)1(hnol)2(ogy)1( and Cul)2(t)2(ur)1(e)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.76 0 Td [(,)1( 1980,)1( 21:)1( 1)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 5.384 0 Td (28.)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.255 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.367 Tw -24.067 -1.608 Td [(Fr)1(a)1(nk A)-1(.)1(J)1(.)1(L.)1( J)1(a)1(m)-1(e)1(s)1( a)1(nd M)-1(a)1(r)1(ga)1(r)1(e)1(t)2( Ra)1(y,)1( \221)1(Sc)1(i)2(e)1(nc)1(e)1( i)2(n t)2(he)1( Pi)2(t)2(s)1(:)2( M)-1(i)2(c)1(ha)1(e)1(l)2( )]TJ 0.095 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(Fa)1(r)1(a)1(da)1(y,)1( Cha)1(r)1(l)2(e)1(s)1( Lye)1(l)2(l)2( a)1(nd t)2(he)1( H)-1(om)-1(e)1( O)-1(f)1(f)1(i)2(c)1(e)1( Enqui)2(r)1(y i)2(nt)2(o t)2(he)1( Expl)2(os)1(i)2(on a)1(t)2( )]TJ 0.036 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(H)-1(asw)-1(el)1(l)1( C)-1(ol)1(l)1(i)1(er)1(y,)1( C)-1(ount)1(y D)-1(ur)1(h)]TJ 0.037 Tw 12.716 0 Td [(am)-1(,)1( i)1(n 1844\222,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.036 Tw 5.716 0 Td [(H)-1(i)1(st)1(ory and Technol)1(ogy)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.779 0 Td [(,)1( 1999,)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw -28.211 -1.102 Td [(15:)1( 213)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 3.376 0 Td (31.)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.255 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 203.6347 81.42 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (35)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.529 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 529.44 Tm [(Pe)1(t)1(e)1(r)1( R)-1(e)1(e)1(d)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 0.53 Tw 5.241 0 Td [( \(L)-1(eo)-1(m)-2(i)1(n)-1(st)1(er, H)-2(erefo)-1(rd)-1(sh)-1(i)1(re\), )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.529 Tw 13.663 0 Td [(\221)1(Robe)1(r)1(t)1( Angus)1( Sm)-1(i)1(t)1(h )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.208 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.003 Tc 0.528 Tw 0.502 0 Td [( A)1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -29.614 -1.102 Td [(Tr)1(aum)-1(at)2(i)2(s)1(e)1(d Ex)1(pe)1(r)1(t)2( W)-1(i)2(t)2(ne)1(s)1(s)1(\222)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 11.713 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.257 Tw -11.713 -1.506 Td [(O)-1(n 24 A)-2(ugust)1( 1857 R)-1(ober)1(t)1( A)-2(ngus Sm)-1(i)1(t)1(h,)1( t)1(hen a consul)1(t)1(i)1(ng chem)-1(i)1(st)1( i)1(n )]TJ 0.053 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(M)-2(anchest)1(er,)1( appeared i)1(n t)1(he court)1( ca)]TJ 15.044 0 Td [(se,)1( R)-1(egi)1(na v S)-1(pence,)1( at)1( t)1(he C)-1(i)1(vi)1(l)1( C)-1(ourt)1( )]TJ 0.212 Tw -15.044 -1.102 Td [(i)1(n Li)1(ver)1(pool)1(.)1( T)-1(he cour)1(t)1( case w)-1(as br)1(ought)1( by t)1(he C)-1(or)1(por)1(at)1(i)1(on of S)-1(al)1(for)1(d )]TJ 0.453 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(agai)1(nst)1( P)-1(et)1(er S)-1(pence\222s al)1(um)-1( w)-1(orks i)1(n P)-1(endl)1(et)1(on,)1( M)-2(anchest)1(e)1(r.)1( S)-1(m)-1(i)1(t)1(h)1( )]TJ 0.103 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(appeared as an expert)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(ness for t)1(he d)1(efe)1(nce,)1( havi)1(ng previ)1(ousl)1(y i)1(nspect)1(ed )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(he )]TJ 0.18 Tw 1.659 0 Td [(w)-1(or)1(ks for)1( nui)1(sances such as am)-1(m)-1(oni)1(a,)1( sul)1(phur)1( di)1(oxi)1(de and hydr)1(ogen )]TJ 0.073 Tw -1.659 -1.102 Td [(sul)1(phi)1(de t)1(hat)1( had been al)1(l)1(eged by i)1(nhabi)1(t)1(ant)1(s cl)1(ose t)1(o t)1(he si)1(t)1(e of t)1(he w)-1(orks,)1( )]TJ 0.15 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(and found quant)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(es of t)1(hese g)1(ases i)1(n sm)-1(al)1(l)1(er concent)1(rat)1(i)1(ons t)1(han us)1(ual)1(l)1(y )]TJ 0.195 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(cont)1(ai)1(ned i)1(n t)1(he ai)1(r of M)-2(anchest)1(er.)1( E)]TJ 16.033 0 Td [(dw)-1(ar)1(d Fr)1(ankl)1(and,)1( t)1(hen Pr)1(ofessor)1( of )]TJ 0.129 Tw -16.033 -1.102 Td [(C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry at)1( O)-1(w)-1(ens C)-1(ol)1(l)1(ege and w)-1(ho l)1(i)1(ke S)-1(m)-1(i)1(t)1(h had i)1(nspect)1(ed t)1(he w)-1(orks )]TJ 0.407 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(and found t)1(hem)-1( w)-1(el)1(l)1( operat)1(ed,)1( appeared for t)1(he prosecut)1(i)1(on.)1( A)-1(t)1( t)1(he )]TJ 0.241 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(concl)1(usi)1(on of t)1(he case t)1(he j)1(ury f)1(ound)1( S)-1(pence )1(gu)1(i)1(l)1(t)1(y causi)1(ng a nui)1(sance )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(\(t)1(hough not)1( i)]TJ 5.188 0 Td [(nj)1(ur)1(i)1(ous t)1(o heal)1(t)1(h\))1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.612 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.345 Tw -12.8 -1.506 Td [(Sm)-1(i)2(t)2(h w)-1(a)1(s)1( gr)1(e)1(a)1(t)2( t)2(r)1(oubl)2(e)1(d by t)2(he)1( out)2(c)1(om)-1(e)1( of)1( t)2(he)1( c)1(a)1(s)1(e)1(.)1( H)-1(e)1( ha)1(d t)2(a)1(ke)1(n )]TJ 0.415 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(consi)1(derabl)1(e care prepari)1(ng hi)1(s t)1(est)1(i)1(m)-1(on)1(y,)1( basi)1(ng i)1(t)1( on hi)1(s sci)1(ent)1(i)1(fi)1(c )]TJ 0.258 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(i)1(nvest)1(i)1(gat)1(i)1(ons of t)1(he w)-1(or)1(ks,)1( but)1( fel)1(t)1( hi)1(s t)1(est)1(i)1(m)-1(ony w)-1(as under)1(m)-1(i)1(ned and )]TJ 0.846 Tw T* [(sci)1(ent)1(i)1(fi)1(c cont)1(radi)1(ct)1(i)1(ons w)]TJ 12.288 0 Td [(ere cont)1(ri)1(ved t)1(hrough counsel)1(s\222 cross)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.385 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.168 Tw -30.673 -1.108 Td [(exam)-1(i)1(nat)1(i)1(on.)1( H)-1(e al)1(so becam)-1(e concerned t)1(hat)2( t)1(he ser)1(vi)1(c)1(es of \221)1(prof)1(essi)1(onal)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(w)-1(i)1(t)1(nesses\222)1( m)-1(i)1(ght)1( be bought)1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 11.266 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.284 Tw -11.266 -1.506 Td [(T)-1(he exper)1(i)1(ence of t)1(he 1857 case pr)1(om)-1(pt)1(ed S)-1(m)-1(i)1(t)1(h t)1(o st)1(ar)1(t)1( cam)-1(pai)1(gni)1(ng )]TJ 0.136 Tw T* [(t)1(hr)1(ough t)1(he N)-1(at)1(i)1(onal)1( A)-2(ssoci)1(at)1(i)1(on for)1( t)1(he P)-1(r)1(om)-1(ot)1(i)1(o)]TJ [(n of Soci)1(al)1( Sci)1(ence,)1( t)1(he )]TJ 0.076 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(La)1(w)-1( A)-1(m)-1(e)1(ndm)-1(e)1(nt)1( Soc)1(i)1(e)1(t)1(y a)1(nd t)1(he)1( Roya)1(l)1( Soc)1(i)1(e)1(t)1(y of)1( A)-1(r)1(t)1(s)1(,)1( f)1(or)1( c)1(ha)1(nge)1(s)1( t)1(o t)1(he)1( )]TJ 0.034 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(w)-1(ay exper)1(t)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(ness t)1(est)1(i)1(m)-1(ony w)-1(as pr)1(esent)1(ed i)1(n cour)1(t)1(.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s l)1(ed ot)1(her)1(s t)1(o t)1(ake )]TJ 0.024 Tw T* [(up t)1(he cause;)1( W)-2(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(am)-1( C)-1(r)1(ookes used edi)1(t)1(or)1(i)1(al)1(s i)1(n )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.025 Tw 19.945 0 Td [(C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(cal)1( N)-1(ew)-1(s)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 6.3 0 Td [(, th)-1(e)-1( B)-2(ritis)-1(h)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -26.245 -1.108 Td [(A)-2(ssoci)]TJ 0.046 Tw [(at)1(i)1(on for t)1(he A)-2(dvancem)-1(ent)1( of S)-1(ci)1(ence had a l)1(ong)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 22.736 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.046 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(st)1(andi)1(ng com)-1(m)-1(i)1(t)1(t)1(ee )]TJ 0.147 Tw -23.071 -1.102 Td [(fr)1(om)-1( 1862 l)1(ed by R)-1(ev.)1( V)-2(er)1(non H)-1(ar)1(cour)1(t)1(,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -0.002 Tw 17.683 0 Td [(N)-1(at)1(ure)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 0.148 Tw [( an)-1(d)-1( lead)-1(in)-1(g)-1( n)-1(ew)-2(s)-1(p)-1(ap)-1(ers)-1(, )]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw -17.683 -1.102 Td [(i)1(ncl)1(udi)1(ng )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -0.001 Tw 4.044 0 Td [(The)1( Ti)2(m)-1(e)1(s)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 0 Tw [(, ra)-1(n)-1( a)-1(rtic)-1(le)-1(s)-1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 9.341 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.093 Tw -13.384 -1.506 Td [(T)-1(he t)1(al)1(k al)1(so show)-1(ed t)1(he possi)1(bl)1(e l)1(i)1(nk bet)1(w)-1(een t)1(he exper)1(i)1(ence of t)1(he cour)1(t)1( )]TJ 0.251 Tw 0 -1.108 TD (case and )Tj 0.25 Tw 4.183 0 Td [(Sm)-1(i)2(t)2(h\222)1(s)1( a)1(voi)2(da)1(nc)1(e)1( of)1( c)1(our)1(t)2( a)1(c)1(t)2(i)2(on a)1(ga)1(i)2(ns)1(t)2( m)-1(a)1(nuf)1(a)1(c)1(t)2(ur)1(e)1(r)1(s)1( w)-1(he)1(n )]TJ 0 Tw -4.183 -1.102 Td [(appoi)1(nt)1(ed Inspect)1(or under t)1(he A)-2(l)1(kal)1(i)1( W)-3(orks A)-2(ct)1( i)1(n 1864 and rel)1(yi)1(ng m)-1(ore on )]TJ 0.053 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(he 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basi)1(s.)1( H)-1(ow)-1(ever)1( m)-1(ost)1( vendor)1(s of m)-1(edi)1(ci)1(nes w)-1(er)1(e out)1(si)1(de )]TJ 0.048 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(of t)1(he Soci)1(et)1(y\222)1(s r)1(egul)1(at)1(or)1(y pow)-1(er)1(s and,)1( unl)1(i)1(ke i)1(n t)1(he ei)1(ght)1(eent)1(h cent)1(ur)1(y,)1( t)1(he )]TJ 0.066 Tw T* [(Soc)1(i)2(e)1(t)2(y ha)1(d no de)1(s)1(i)2(r)1(e)1( t)2(o p)]TJ 0.067 Tw 10.739 0 Td [(ol)1(i)1(ce t)1(he m)-1(ar)1(ket)1(pl)1(ace for)1( dr)1(ugs.)1( W)-2(hi)1(l)1(st)1( t)1(he 1850s )]TJ -0.002 Tw -10.739 -1.108 Td (saw)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.561 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.153 Tw 0.405 0 Td [(gr)1(ow)-1(i)1(ng cal)1(l)1(s for)1( l)1(egi)1(sl)1(at)1(i)1(on t)1(o com)-1(bat)1( dr)1(ug adul)1(t)1(er)1(at)1(i)1(on,)1( t)1(he Soci)1(et)1(y )]TJ -0.001 Tw -1.966 -1.102 Td [(had l)1(i)1(t)1(t)1(l)1(e i)1(nt)1(er)1(est)1( i)1(n i)1(nfl)1(uenci)1(ng t)1(he l)1(egal)1( fr)1(am)-1(ew)-1(or)1(k t)1(hat)1( w)-1(oul)1(d em)-1(er)1(ge.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 28.913 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -28.913 -1.506 Td 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0 -1.102 TD [(had been assur)1(ed t)1(hat)1( i)1(t)1( w)-1(as i)1(m)-1(possi)1(bl)1(e t)1(o t)1(el)1(l)1( i)1(f coffee had been m)-1(i)1(xed )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 29.224 0 Td [(w)-2(ith)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.279 Tw -29.224 -1.102 Td [(chi)1(cory.)1( A)-2(rt)1(hur H)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( H)-1(assal)1(l)1( proved t)1(hat)1( t)1(he t)1(w)-1(o subst)1(ances,)1( and m)-1(any )]TJ 0.008 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(ot)1(her)1(s,)1( coul)1(d be i)1(dent)1(i)1(fi)1(ed under)1( a m)-1(i)1(cr)1(oscope.)1( A)-2(s a r)1(esul)1(t)1(,)1( fr)1(om)-1( 1851 )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 28.462 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.008 Tw 0.336 0 Td (54 he )Tj 0.009 Tw -28.798 -1.102 Td [(w)-1(as em)-1(pl)1(oyed by T)-1(he Lancet)1( t)1(o exam)-1(i)1(ne r)1(et)1(ai)1(l)1( pur)1(chases and r)1(epor)1(t)1( on t)1(hem)-1( )]TJ 0.174 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(under)1( t)1(he t)1(i)1(t)1(l)1(e of t)1(he A)-2(nal)1(yt)]TJ 12.001 0 Td [(i)1(cal)1( S)-1(ani)1(t)1(ar)1(y C)-1(om)-1(m)-1(i)1(ssi)1(on.)1( A)-2(t)1( t)1(he sam)-1(e t)1(i)1(m)-1(e,)1( )]TJ 0.294 Tw -12.001 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Tf 0.002 Tc 0.108 Tw -23.061 -1.506 Td [(R)-1(oger K)-1(i)1(ng)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.1 0 Td [( \(K)-1(ey F)-1(or)1(ensi)1(c S)-1(er)1(vi)1(ces Lt)1(d\))1(,)1( \221)1(F)-1(r)1(om)-1( S)-1(her)1(l)1(ock H)-1(ol)1(m)-1(es t)1(o C)-1(S)-1(I)1(:)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw -5.1 -1.102 Td [(devel)1(opm)-1(ent)1(s i)1(n chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y i)1(n t)1(he 20)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 624.4889 128.46 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 629.1559 124.44 Tm [( cent)1(ur)1(y\222)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.596 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.15 Tw -18.648 -1.506 Td [(T)-1(hi)1(s t)1(al)1(k t)1(r)1(aced devel)1(opm)-1(ent)1(s i)1(n for)1(ensi)1(c sci)1(ence i)1(n t)1(he 20)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 727.3874 113.46 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.15 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 732.0544 109.44 Tm [( )1(c)1(e)1(n)1(t)2(u)1(r)1(y)1(.)2( )1(Th)1(e)1( )]TJ 0.26 Tw -25.383 -1.102 Td [(m)-1(et)1(hods avai)1(l)1(abl)1(e at)1( t)1(he t)1(i)1(m)-1(e Si)1(r)1( A)-2(r)1(t)1(hur)]TJ 17.684 0 Td [( Cona)1(n D)-1(oyl)1(e)1( w)-1(a)1(s)1( w)-1(r)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(ng t)1(he)1( 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hi)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(an,)1( he di)1(d offer)1( an eye)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.472 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.039 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(w)-1(i)1(t)1(ness account)1( of m)-1(any o)]TJ -0.002 Tw 10.866 0 Td (f )Tj -0.001 Tw -30.674 -1.102 Td [(t)1(he advances he descr)1(i)1(bed.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.704 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.049 Tw -10.704 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(he speaker)1( t)1(r)1(aced how)-1( for)1(ensi)1(c sci)1(ence w)-1(as or)1(gani)1(zed i)1(n t)1(he U)-1(K)-1(,)1( fr)1(om)-1( t)1(he )]TJ 0.073 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(fi)1(r)1(st)1( pol)1(i)1(ce l)1(abor)1(at)1(or)1(y est)1(abl)1(i)1(shed by t)1(he M)-2(et)1(r)1(opol)1(i)1(t)1(an P)-1(ol)1(i)1(ce i)1(n 1935 t)1(o t)1(he )]TJ 0 -1.108 TD [(com)-1(m)-1(erci)1(al)1( m)-1(arket)1( t)1(hat)1( now)-1( exi)1(st)1(s for forensi)1(c sc)1(i)1(e)1(nce servi)1(ces i)1(n E)-1(ngl)1(and )]TJ 0.16 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(and W)-3(al)1(es.)1( T)-1(he 1985 B)-1(radford C)-1(i)1(t)1(y F)-1(C)-1( fi)1(re w)-1(as used t)1(o dem)-1(onst)1(rat)1(e t)1(he )]TJ 0.006 Tw T* [(t)1(eam)-1(w)-1(or)1(k,)1( pat)1(i)1(ence and per)1(si)1(st)1(ence r)1(equi)1(r)1(ed t)1(o col)1(l)1(ect)1( good qual)1(i)1(t)1(y evi)1(dence )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(fr)1(om)-1( a scene.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.631 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.173 Tw -5.631 -1.602 Td [(A)-2(dvances i)1(n m)-1(arks and t)1(races evi)1(dence,)1( t)1(he i)1(dent)1(i)1(fi)1(cat)1(i)1(on of body fl)1(ui)1(ds,)1( )]TJ 0.54 Tw T* [(dr)1(ugs,)1( expl)1(osi)1(ves an)]TJ 9.252 0 Td [(d di)1(gi)1(t)1(al)1( evi)1(dence w)-1(er)1(e descr)1(i)1(bed.)1( Fi)1(nal)1(l)1(y,)1( t)1(he )]TJ 0.325 Tw -9.252 -1.102 Td [(appl)1(i)1(cat)1(i)1(on of B)-1(ayesi)1(an st)1(at)1(i)1(st)1(i)2(cs t)1(o t)1(he i)1(nt)1(erpret)1(at)1(i)1(on of evi)1(dence w)-1(as )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(di)1(scussed.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.099 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.144 Tw -4.099 -1.608 Td [(D)-1(avi)1(d Jarrat)1(t)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.028 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.321 0 Td [(K)-1(nock)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.144 Tw [( \(K)-1(ey For)1(ensi)1(c Ser)1(vi)1(ces Lt)1(d\))1(,)1( \221)1(M)-2(oder)1(n day for)1(ensi)1(c )]TJ -0.001 Tw -6.349 -1.102 Td [(sci)1(ence:)1( cri)1(m)-1(e scene t)1(o court)1( case\222)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.909 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.17 Tw -13.909 -1.608 Td [(H)-1(i)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(ans i)1(n t)1(he )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 7.4 0 Td [(tw)-2(e)-1(n)-1(ty)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.733 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.17 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(second cent)1(ury revi)1(ew)-1(i)1(ng forensi)1(c sci)1(ence i)1(n t)1(he )]TJ 0.116 Tw -10.469 -1.102 Td [(earl)1(y t)1(w)-1(ent)1(y)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.107 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.116 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(fi)1(r)1(st)1( w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( be l)1(i)1(kel)1(y t)1(o obser)1(ve t)1(hat)1( t)1(he fi)1(el)1(d pr)1(obabl)1(y enj)1(oys a )]TJ 0.07 Tw -5.442 -1.108 Td [(hi)1(gher)1( pr)1(ofi)1(l)1(e i)1(n our)1( ow)-1(n t)1(i)1(m)-1(e t)1(han ever)1( befor)1(e.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s i)1(s due i)1(n l)1(ar)1(ge par)1(t)1( t)1(o )]TJ 0.037 Tw T* [(t)1(he popul)1(ar)1(i)1(t)1(y of a num)-1(ber)1( of t)1(el)1(evi)1(si)1(on dr)1(a)]TJ 0.036 Tw 17.745 0 Td [(m)-1(as w)-1(her)1(e i)1(t)1( for)1(m)-1(s an i)1(m)-1(por)1(t)1(ant)1( )]TJ 0.164 Tw -17.745 -1.102 Td [(pl)1(ot)1( devi)1(ce.)1( R)-1(eal)1( for)1(ensi)1(c pr)1(act)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(oner)1(s r)1(ecogni)1(se t)1(hat)1( ar)1(t)1( does not)1( al)1(w)-1(ays )]TJ 0.035 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(accurat)1(el)1(y m)-1(i)1(rror l)1(i)1(fe,)1( and t)1(hi)1(s t)1(al)1(k revi)1(ew)-1(s t)1(he w)-1(ork of present)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 25.702 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.035 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(day for)1(ensi)1(c )]TJ 0.072 Tw -26.038 -1.102 Td [(sci)1(ent)1(i)1(st)1(s,)1( part)1(i)1(cul)1(arl)1(y t)1(hose i)1(nvol)1(ved i)1(n cri)1(m)-1(i)1(nal)1( casew)-1(ork.)1( A)-2( bri)1(e)]TJ 27.562 0 Td [(f out)1(l)1(i)1(ne )]TJ 0.045 Tw -27.562 -1.102 Td [(of t)1(he cr)1(i)1(m)-1(i)1(nal)1( j)1(ust)1(i)1(ce pr)1(ocess show)-1(s w)-1(her)1(e sci)1(ent)1(i)1(st)1(s can be i)1(nvol)1(ved,)1( fr)1(om)-1( )]TJ 0.379 Tw T* [(t)1(he sear)1(chi)1(ng of t)1(he cr)1(i)1(m)-1(e scene,)1( t)1(o t)1(he l)1(abor)1(at)1(or)1(y exam)-1(i)1(nat)1(i)1(on,)1( and )]TJ 0.015 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(ul)1(t)1(i)1(m)-1(at)1(el)1(y t)1(o pr)1(esent)1(at)1(i)1(on of fi)1(ndi)1(ngs i)1(n cour)1(t)1(.)1( C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(s can be i)1(nvol)1(ved i)1(n a )]TJ 0.354 Tw T* [(w)-1(i)1(de r)1(ange of evi)1(denc)]TJ 0.355 Tw 9.959 0 Td [(e t)1(ypes;)1( som)-1(e of t)1(hese)1( are)1( di)1(scussed i)1(n det)1(ai)1(l)1(,)1( )]TJ 0.282 Tw -9.959 -1.108 Td [(i)1(l)1(l)1(ust)1(r)1(at)1(i)1(ng i)1(n par)1(t)1(i)1(cul)1(ar)1( t)1(he chal)1(l)1(enges i)1(nvol)1(ved i)1(n handl)1(i)1(ng ver)1(y )1(sm)-1(al)1(l)1( )]TJ 0.053 Tw T* [(sam)-1(pl)1(es,)1( and out)1(l)1(i)1(ni)1(ng som)-1(e of t)1(he anal)1(yt)1(i)1(cal)1( t)1(echni)1(ques used.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s l)1(eads i)1(n )]TJ 0.002 Tw T* [(t)1(o a di)1(scussi)1(on of cour)1(t)1( pr)1(esent)1(at)1(i)1(on,)1( and t)1(he i)1(ssues fac)]TJ 22.05 0 Td [(i)1(ng t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(st)1( gi)1(vi)1(ng )]TJ 0.026 Tw -22.05 -1.108 Td [(expert)1( evi)1(dence i)1(n a cri)1(m)-1(i)1(nal)1( t)1(ri)1(al)1(.)1( T)-1(he m)-1(ai)1(n funct)1(i)1(on of an expert)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(ness i)1(s )]TJ 0.075 Tw T* [(t)1(o assi)1(st)1( t)1(he cour)1(t)1( i)1(n under)1(st)1(andi)1(ng t)1(he si)1(gni)1(fi)1(cance of t)1(he sci)1(ent)1(i)1(fi)1(c r)1(esul)1(t)1(s,)1( )]TJ 0.088 Tw T* [(and t)1(he t)1(al)1(k present)1(s current)1( t)1(hi)1(nki)1(ng on how)-1( )1(sci)1(ent)1(i)1(st)1(s at)1(t)1(em)-1(pt)1( t)1(o i)1(nt)1(er)]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 29.448 0 Td [(p)-1(re)-1(t )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.374 Tw -29.448 -1.108 Td [(t)1(hei)1(r)1( fi)1(ndi)1(ngs i)1(n a syst)1(em)-1(at)1(i)1(c and unbi)1(ased m)-1(anner)1(.)1( S)-1(peci)1(fi)1(cal)1(l)1(y,)1( t)1(hi)1(s )]TJ 0.04 Tw T* [(i)1(nvol)1(ves t)1(he appl)1(i)1(cat)1(i)1(on of B)-1(ayes\222)1(s T)-1(heor)1(em)-1(,)1( and som)-1(e of t)1(he i)1(ssues ar)1(ound )]TJ 0.051 Tw T* [(est)1(i)1(m)-1(at)1(i)1(ng probabi)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(es,)1( and c)1(om)-1(m)-1(uni)1(cat)1(i)1(ng probabi)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(y)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 22.763 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.05 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(based st)1(at)1(em)-1(ent)1(s t)1(o )]TJ 0.267 Tw -23.099 -1.108 Td [(t)1(he cour)1(t)1(,)1( ar)1(e expl)1(or)1(ed.)1( F)-1(i)1(na)]TJ 12.389 0 Td [(l)1(l)1(y,)1( t)1(her)1(e i)1(s a br)1(i)1(ef di)1(scussi)1(on of t)1(he \221)1(C)-1(S)-1(I)1( )]TJ 0.288 Tw -12.389 -1.102 Td [(Ef)1(f)1(e)1(c)1(t)1(\222)1(;)1( how)-1( dr)1(a)1(m)-1(a)1(t)1(i)1(c)1( de)1(pi)1(c)1(t)1(i)1(ons)1( of)1( f)1(or)1(e)1(ns)1(i)1(c)1( s)1(c)1(i)1(e)1(nc)1(e)1( m)-1(a)1(y a)1(f)1(f)1(e)1(c)1(t)1( j)1(ur)1(or)1(s)1(\222)1( )]TJ 0.092 Tw T* [(expect)1(at)1(i)1(ons of i)1(t)1(s effi)1(cacy,)1( and t)1(he)1( pr)1(ol)1(i)1(f)1(erat)1(i)1(on)1( of degr)1(ee)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 24.243 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.092 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(l)1(evel)1( cour)1(ses i)1(n )]TJ -0.001 Tw -24.579 -1.108 Td [(for)1(ensi)1(c sci)1(ence.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 26.632 -1.602 Td [(Pe)1(t)2(e)1(r)1( Re)1(e)1(d)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.377 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -10.121 -1.108 Td [(O)-1(r)1(gani)1(ser)1( of t)1(he M)-2(eet)1(i)1(ng)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.121 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 203.6347 59.46 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (39)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 479.2399 529.44 Tm (S)Tj 0.549 0 Td (ociety for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry)Tj ( )Tj 0.003 Tc -0.001 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 513.42 Tm [(S)8(HAC\222)2(s)2( )1(7)1(5)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 526.6765 517.44 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 532.0114 513.42 Tm [( A)-1(nni)1(versary)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.605 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.066 Tw -10.904 -1.602 Td [(2010 m)-1(ar)1(ks t)1(he 75t)1(h anni)1(ver)1(sar)1(y of t)1(he foundi)1(ng of SH)-1(A)-2(C)-1(,)1( an event)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch )]TJ 0.222 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( be cel)1(ebr)1(at)1(ed on Fr)1(i)1(day 19 N)-1(ovem)-1(ber)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h a m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ng at)1( t)1(he R)-1(oyal)1( )]TJ 0.071 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(I)1(ns)1(t)1(i)1(t)1(ut)1(i)1(on i)1(n London s)1(t)1(a)1(r)1(t)1(i)1(ng a)1(t)1( m)-1(i)1(dda)1(y.)1( I)]TJ 17.305 0 Td [(n t)1(he aft)1(er)1(noon a ser)1(i)1(es of paper)1(s )]TJ 0.406 Tw -17.305 -1.102 Td [(by l)1(eadi)1(ng hi)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(ans w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( di)1(scuss t)1(he devel)1(opm)-1(ent)1( of t)1(he hi)1(st)1(or)1(y of )]TJ 0.025 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(chem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry si)1(nce 1935,)1( and t)1(hi)1(s w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( be fol)1(l)1(ow)-1(ed by a publ)1(i)1(c l)1(ect)1(ure del)1(i)1(vered )]TJ 0.119 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(by Pr)1(ofessor)1( Si)1(m)-1(on Shaffer)1( of t)1(he U)-1(ni)1(ver)1(si)1(t)1(y of C)-1(am)-1(br)1(i)1(dge,)1( sponsor)1(ed by )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* (SH)Tj 0.093 Tw 1.283 0 Td [(A)-2(C)-1( and t)1(he R)-1(I.)1( A)-2( di)1(nner w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( concl)1(ude t)1(he day\222s event)1(s.)1( F)-1(u)1(rt)1(her det)1(ai)1(l)1(s )]TJ 0.326 Tw -1.283 -1.108 Td [(w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( be avai)1(l)1(abl)1(e i)1(n due cour)1(se on w)-1(w)-1(w)-1(.)1(am)-1(bi)1(x.)1(or)1(g and i)1(n t)1(he SH)-1(A)-2(C)-1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(N)-1(ew)-1(sl)1(et)1(t)1(er)1(,)1( C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(cal)1( I)1(nt)1(el)1(l)1(i)1(gence.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.939 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -13.939 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(h)-1(e S)6(oci)1(ety for th)-1(e H)-1(i)1(story of A)-1(lch)-1(em)-2(y an)-1(d)-1( C)-1(h)-1(em)-2(i)1(stry M)-2(eeti)1(n)-1(gs)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 27.516 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.131 Tw -27.516 -1.602 Td [(O)-1(n Sat)1(ur)1(day 14 N)-1(ovem)-1(be)]TJ 10.852 0 Td [(r)1( 2009,)1( T)-1(he)1( Soc)1(i)1(e)1(t)1(y for)1( t)1(he)1( H)-1(i)1(s)1(t)1(or)1(y of A)-1(l)1(c)1(he)1(m)-1(y )]TJ 0.136 Tw -10.852 -1.108 Td [(and C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry hel)1(d a m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ng at)1( B)-1(i)1(rkbeck C)-1(ol)1(l)1(ege)1(,)1( M)-2(al)1(et)1( S)-1(t)1(r)1(ee)1(t)1(,)2( L)-1(o)1(nd)1(on.)1( )]TJ 0.052 Tw T* [(T)-1(he m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ng w)-1(as ent)1(i)1(t)1(l)1(ed \221)1(C)-1(hym)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y and M)-2(echani)1(zat)1(i)1(on i)1(n t)1(he S)-1(event)1(eent)1(h )]TJ 0.309 Tw T* [(and E)-1(i)1(ght)1(eent)1(h C)-1(ent)1(uri)1(es\222.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ng i)1(s t)1(he fi)1(rst)1( l)1(eg i)1(n a t)1(w)]TJ 0.308 Tw 28.386 0 Td [(o par)1(t)1( )]TJ 0.03 Tw -28.386 -1.108 Td [(col)1(l)1(aborat)1(i)1(ve col)1(l)1(oqui)1(um)-1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h U)-1(ni)1(versi)1(t)1(\351 de L)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1(e 1,)1( and al)1(l)1( )1(t)1(h)1(e papers gi)1(ven )]TJ 0.025 Tw T* [(w)-1(er)1(e pr)1(esent)1(ed by speaker)1(s fr)1(om)-1( Li)1(l)1(l)1(e.)1( T)-1(he second par)1(t)1( w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( be t)1(aki)1(ng pl)1(ace )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(i)1(n 2010 i)1(n Li)1(l)1(l)1(e.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.972 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.051 Tw -6.972 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(he fi)1(r)1(st)1( speaker)1(,)1( S)-1(ol)1(ange G)-1(onzal)1(ez,)1( spoke on \221)1(T)-1(he r)1(ol)1(e of chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y i)1(n t)1(h)]TJ -0.002 Tw 30.563 0 Td (e )Tj -0.001 Tw -30.563 -1.102 Td [(debat)1(es on occasi)1(onal)1(i)1(sm)-1( i)1(n t)1(he second hal)1(f of t)1(he 17t)1(h cent)1(ur)1(y\222)1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 26.014 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.167 Tw -26.014 -1.608 Td [(D)-1(escar)1(t)1(es i)1(dent)1(i)1(fi)1(ed m)-1(at)1(t)1(er)1( as not)1(hi)1(ng m)-1(or)1(e t)1(han ext)1(ensi)1(on,)1( and m)-1(undane )]TJ 0.223 Tw T* [(change as m)-1(at)1(t)1(er i)1(n m)-1(ot)1(i)1(on.)1( T)-1(he doct)1(ri)1(ne of o)1(ccasi)1(onal)1(i)1(sm)-1( subsequent)1(l)1(y )]TJ 0.186 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(l)1(i)1(m)-1(i)1(t)1(ed t)1(he agency of m)-1(at)1(t)1(er)1( even fur)1(t)1(her)1( by )]TJ 19.446 0 Td [(cl)1(ai)1(m)-1(i)1(ng t)1(hat)1( al)1(l)1( event)1(s are )]TJ 0.03 Tw -19.446 -1.102 Td [(caused di)1(rect)1(l)1(y by G)-1(od:)1( m)-1(at)1(t)1(er does not)1( even a)1(ct)1( as a secondary cause.)1( H)-1(ow)-1( )]TJ 0.159 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(di)1(d chym)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y,)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h i)1(t)1(s pr)1(i)1(nci)1(pl)1(es and act)1(i)1(ve m)-1(at)1(t)1(er)1(,)1( far)1(e w)-1(i)1(t)1(hi)1(n t)1(hi)1(s post)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 30.673 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -30.673 -1.108 Td [(C)-1(art)1(esi)1(an phi)1(l)1(osophi)1(cal)1( cont)1(ext)1(?)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.103 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.272 Tw -13.103 -1.602 Td [(G)-1(\351r)1(aud de C)-1(or)1(dem)-1(oy \(1626)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12.055 0 Td 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chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( pr)1(i)1(nci)1(pl)1(es coul)1(d not)1( be )]TJ 0.128 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(el)1(em)-1(ent)1(ary,)1( but)1( coul)1(d al)1(w)-1(ays be decom)-1(posed i)1(nt)1(o si)1(m)-1(pl)1(er bodi)1(es.)1( H)-1(e al)1(so )]TJ 0.067 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(deni)1(ed t)1(hat)1( as a pur)1(el)1(y m)-1(at)1(er)1(i)1(al)1( subst)1(r)1(at)1(e chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( pr)1(i)]TJ 22.175 0 Td [(nci)1(pl)1(es coul)1(d account)1( )]TJ 0.058 Tw -22.175 -1.108 Td [(for)1( t)1(he pr)1(oduct)1(i)1(on or)1( dest)1(r)1(uct)1(i)1(on of subst)1(ances i)1(n nat)1(ur)1(e,)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch m)-1(ust)1( be t)1(he )]TJ 0.035 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(r)1(e)1(s)1(ul)1(t)1( of a)1(n i)1(nt)1(e)1(r)1(na)1(l)1( a)1(c)1(t)1(i)1(ve)1( pr)1(i)1(nc)1(i)1(pl)1(e)1(.)1( Re)1(y s)1(how)-1(s)1( t)1(ha)1(t)1( c)1(he)1(m)-1(i)1(c)1(a)1(l)1( pr)1(i)1(nc)1(i)1(pl)1(e)1(s)1( fe)1(l)1(l)1( )]TJ 0.24 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(bet)1(w)-1(een t)1(he t)1(w)-1(o l)1(evel)1(s of t)1(he i)1(nt)1(el)1(l)1(i)1(gi)1(bi)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(y of bodi)1(es r)1(ecogni)1(zed i)1(n t)1(he )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(Le)1(i)]TJ 1.338 0 Td [(bni)1(zi)1(an)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.955 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.552 0 Td [(syst)1(em)-1(:)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc 3.62 0 Td [( th)-1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 1.478 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.552 0 Td [(dynam)-1(i)1(c)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.457 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.552 0 Td (and)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 2.002 0 Td [(th)-1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.227 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.552 0 Td [(or)1(gani)1(c.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.262 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.552 0 Td [( C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(cal)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.098 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.552 0 Td [(pr)1(i)1(nci)1(pl)1(es,)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 203.6347 59.46 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (41)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.039 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 529.44 Tm [(under)1(st)1(ood as pr)1(i)1(m)-1(ar)1(y el)1(em)-1(ent)1(s di)1(d not)1( accor)1(d w)-1(i)1(t)1(h Lei)1(bni)1(z\222)1(s concept)1(i)1(on of )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(suffi)1(ci)1(ent)1( reason,)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch gave i)1(nt)1(el)1(l)1(i)1(gi)1(bl)1(e form)-1( t)1(o m)-1(at)1(eri)1(al)1( real)1(i)1(t)1(y.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 26.208 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.228 Tw -26.208 -1.608 Td [(For)1( Le)1(i)2(bni)2(z)1( t)2(he)1( s)1(t)2(a)1(t)2(us)1( of)1( c)1(he)1(m)-1(i)2(c)1(a)1(l)2( pr)1(i)]TJ 16.43 0 Td [(nci)1(pl)1(es and physi)1(cal)1( at)1(om)-1(i)1(sm)-1( w)-1(as )]TJ 0.125 Tw -16.43 -1.102 Td [(i)1(l)1(l)1(usor)1(y and fi)1(ct)1(i)1(onal)1(.)1( T)-1(he expl)1(anat)1(i)1(ons of t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s w)-1(er)1(e conj)1(ect)1(ur)1(al)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 30.505 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.504 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.085 Tw -31.009 -1.108 Td [(t)1(hey appeal)1(ed t)1(o t)1(he i)1(m)-1(agi)1(nat)1(i)1(on,)1( but)1( gave no r)1(eal)1( account)1( of t)1(he r)1(eal)1(i)1(t)1(y of )]TJ 0.259 Tw T* [(m)-1(at)1(er)1(i)1(al)1( t)1(r)1(ansfor)1(m)-1(at)1(i)1(ons.)1( R)-1(ey r)1(ej)1(ect)1(s t)1(he i)1(dea t)1(hat)1( t)1(her)1(e i)1(s a Lei)1(bni)1(z)]TJ -0.002 Tw 29.782 0 Td [(i)1(an )]TJ 0.326 Tw -29.782 -1.102 Td [(at)1(om)-1(i)1(sm)-1(.)1( W)-3(hi)1(l)1(e L)-1(ei)1(bni)1(z referred t)1(o t)1(he m)-1(onad as a \221m)-1(et)1(aphysi)1(cal)1(\222 or )]TJ 0.449 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(\221)1(s)1(pi)1(r)1(i)1(t)1(ua)1(l)1(\222)1( a)1(t)1(om)-1(,)1( t)1(he)1(r)1(e)1( i)1(s)1( a)1(n i)1(r)1(r)1(e)1(duc)1(i)1(bl)1(e)1( di)1(ffe)1(r)1(e)1(nc)1(e)1( be)1(t)1(w)-1(e)1(e)1(n Le)1(i)1(bni)1(z)1(\222)1(s)1( )]TJ 0.1 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(phi)1(l)1(osophy and t)1(he at)1(om)-1(i)1(sm)-1( of t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(st)1(s of t)1(he second hal)1(f of t)1(he 17t)1(h )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* [(cent)1(ury )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.453 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.001 Tc 0.191 Tw 0.504 0 Td [( w)-2(h)-1(ile f)-1(o)-1(r th)-1(e latter th)-1(e ato)-1(m)]TJ 12.578 0 Td [( is a m)-2(aterial su)-1(b)-1(strate w)-2(h)-1(ich)-1( can)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.31 Tw -16.536 -1.108 Td [(m)-1(eani)1(ngful)1(l)1(y account)1( for)1( t)1(he per)1(cept)1(i)1(bl)1(e t)1(r)1(ansfor)1(m)-1(at)1(i)1(ons of bodi)1(es,)1( for)1( )]TJ 0.105 Tw T* [(Le)1(i)1(bni)1(z)1( l)1(i)1(f)1(e)1(l)1(e)1(s)1(s)1( m)-1(a)1(t)1(e)1(r)1(i)1(a)1(l)1( a)1(t)1(om)-1(s)1( c)1(oul)1(d ne)1(ve)1(r)1( a)1(c)1(c)1(ount)1( f)1(or)1( t)1(he)1( or)1(de)1(r)1(l)1(i)1(ne)1(s)1(s)1( a)1(nd )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(har)1(m)-1(ony w)-1(e see i)1(n t)1(he m)-1(at)1(er)1(i)1(al)1( uni)1(ver)1(se.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 16.477 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.164 Tw -16.477 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(he m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ng br)1(oke for)1( l)1(unch,)1( dur)]TJ 14.153 0 Td [(i)1(ng w)-1(hi)1(ch t)1(he A)-2(G)-1(M)-2( of t)1(he S)-1(oci)1(et)1(y w)-1(as )]TJ -0.002 Tw -14.153 -1.102 Td [(hel)1(d.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.98 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.304 Tw -1.98 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(he fi)1(r)1(st)1( speaker)1( aft)1(er)1( l)1(unch w)-1(as B)-1(er)1(nar)1(d Jol)1(y,)1( speaki)1(ng on \221)1(B)-1(et)1(w)-1(een )]TJ 0.098 Tw T* [(N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(on and St)1(ahl)1(,)1( Et)1(i)1(enne)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 11.061 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.098 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(Fr)1(a)1(nc)1(oi)2(s)1( G)-1(e)1(of)1(f)1(r)1(oy a)1(nd t)2(he)1( c)1(he)1(m)-1(i)2(c)1(a)1(l)2( m)-1(i)2(s)1(t)2(r)1(us)1(t)2( of)1( )]TJ 0.011 Tw -11.397 -1.108 Td [(m)-1(echani)1(sm)-1(\222)1(.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s paper)1( del)1(ved i)1(nt)1(o w)-1(hat)1( i)1(s a l)1(ong st)1(andi)1(ng debat)1(e i)1(n hi)]TJ -0.002 Tw 29.001 0 Td [(st)1(ory )]TJ 0.094 Tw -29.001 -1.102 Td [(of chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.489 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.001 Tc 0.095 Tw 0.504 0 Td [( th)-1(e q)-1(u)-1(estio)-1(n)-1( o)-1(f)-1( w)-2(h)-1(eth)-1(er E)-1(.F)-1(. G)-2(eo)-1(f)-1(f)-1(ro)-1(y)-1(, th)-1(e o)-1(rig)-1(in)-1(ato)-1(r o)-1(f)-1( th)-1(e )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.022 Tw -5.993 -1.102 Td [(fi)1(r)1(st)1( affi)1(ni)1(t)1(y t)1(abl)1(e i)1(n t)1(he ear)1(l)1(y 18)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 610.5729 309.48 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.022 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 615.2399 305.46 Tm [( cent)1(ur)1(y,)1( can be l)1(abel)1(l)1(ed as a N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(oni)1(an,)1( a )]TJ 0.055 Tw -13.655 -1.108 Td [(C)-1(art)1(esi)1(an or a S)-1(t)1(ahl)1(i)1(an.)1( Jol)1(y argues t)1(hat)1( i)1(t)1( i)1(s i)1(m)-1(possi)1(bl)1(e t)1(o assi)1(gn a deci)1(si)1(ve )]TJ 0.259 Tw T* [(posi)1(t)1(i)1(on t)1(o )]TJ [(G)-1(eoffr)1(oy,)1( w)-1(hose w)-1(or)1(k w)-1(as i)1(nfl)1(uenced pr)1(edom)-1(i)1(nant)1(l)1(y by hi)1(s )]TJ 0.096 Tw T* [(l)1(abor)1(at)1(or)1(y exper)1(i)1(ences,)1( as w)-1(el)1(l)1( as by S)-1(t)1(ahl)1(i)1(an,)1( as w)-1(el)1(l)1( as N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(oni)1(an i)1(deas.)1( )]TJ 0.043 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(H)-1(e cl)1(ai)1(m)-1(s t)1(hat)1( G)-1(eoffr)1(oy\222)1(s r)1(el)1(uct)1(ance t)1(o j)1(oi)1(n t)1(he m)-1(echani)1(st)1( i)1(deas i)1(nspi)1(r)1(ed by )]TJ 0.114 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(C)-1(art)1(esi)1(ani)1(sm)-1( w)-1(as m)-1(ore due t)1(o hi)1(s at)1(t)1(achm)-1(ent)1( t)1(o)]TJ 20.013 0 Td [( )1(a)1(n)1( )1(a)1(l)2(c)1(h)1(e)1(mi)2(c)1(a)1(l)2( )1(t)2(r)1(a)1(d)1(i)2(t)2(i)2(o)1(n)1( )1(a)1(s)1( )]TJ 0.25 Tw -20.013 -1.102 Td [(r)1(e)1(ne)1(w)-1(e)1(d i)1(n t)1(he)1( w)-1(or)1(k of St)1(a)1(hl)1( a)1(s)1( m)-1(uc)1(h a)1(s)1( a)1(ny i)1(nt)1(e)1(r)1(e)1(s)1(t)1( i)1(n t)1(he)1( w)-1(or)1(ks)1( of )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(on.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.932 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.162 Tw -3.932 -1.602 Td [(I)1(n 1698,)1( a)1(s)1( J)1(ol)1(y e)1(xpl)1(a)1(i)1(ns)1(,)1( G)-1(e)1(offr)1(oy vi)1(s)1(i)1(t)1(e)1(d Engl)1(a)1(nd \(a)1(s)1( ye)1(t)1( a)1( ve)1(r)1(y young )]TJ 0.311 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(m)-1(an\))1(,)1( dur)1(i)1(ng w)-1(hi)1(ch vi)1(si)1(t)1( he m)-1(et)1( H)-1(ans Sl)1(oane and w)-1(as el)1(ect)1(ed FR)-1(S.)1( )]TJ 0.059 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(G)-1(eoffr)1(oy e)]TJ 4.437 0 Td [(st)1(abl)1(i)1(shed a regul)1(ar correspondence bet)1(w)-1(een hi)1(m)-1(sel)1(f and S)-1(l)1(oane,)1( )]TJ 0.117 Tw -4.437 -1.102 Td [(and becam)-1(e an i)1(nt)1(erm)-1(edi)1(ary bet)1(w)-1(een t)1(he R)-1(oyal)1( S)-1(oci)1(et)1(y and t)1(he A)-2(cadem)-1(i)1(e )]TJ 0.075 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(R)-1(oyal)1(e des S)-1(ci)1(ences.)1( M)-2(uch of t)1(hi)1(s correspondence survi)1(ves and Jol)1(y draw)-1(s )]TJ 0.46 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(heavi)1(l)1(y on i)1(t)1( for)1( hi)1(s ar)1(gum)-1(ent)1(,)1( i)1(ncl)1(udi)1(ng one l)1(et)]TJ 22.84 0 Td [(t)1(er)1( concer)1(ni)1(ng t)1(he )]TJ 0.133 Tw -22.84 -1.102 Td [(appoi)1(nt)1(m)-1(ent)1( of B)-1(ri)1(t)1(i)1(sh phi)1(l)1(osop)1(her)1(s as associ)1(\351 \351t)1(rangers i)1(n w)-1(hi)1(ch N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(on )]TJ 0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(w)-1(as descr)1(i)1(bed as havi)1(ng been \221)1(cont)1(em)-1(pt)1(uous of t)1(hi)1(s m)-1(ar)1(k of di)1(st)1(i)1(nct)1(i)1(on\222)1( [m)-1(y )]TJ 0.065 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(r)1(ansl)1(at)1(i)1(on])1(.)1( N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(on had not)1( seen fi)1(t)1(,)1( despi)1(t)1(e havi)1(ng had t)1(he t)1(i)1(t)1(l)1(e )1(of )1(associ)1(\351 )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(\351t)1(ranger )]TJ 0.301 Tw 3.841 0 Td [(conferred on hi)1(m)-1(,)1( t)1(o com)-1(m)-1(uni)1(cat)1(e w)-1(i)1(t)1(h)1( t)1(he A)-2(cadem)-1(i)1(e.)1( In hi)1(s )]TJ 0.055 Tw -3.841 -1.108 Td [(di)1(scussi)1(on of chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( and phi)1(l)1(osophi)1(cal)1( m)-1(at)1(t)1(er)1(s,)1( how)-1(ever)1(,)1( G)-1(eoffr)1(oy seem)-1(s )]TJ 0.069 Tw T* [(t)1(o have been caut)1(i)1(ous i)1(n hi)1(s appr)1(oach t)1(o N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(oni)1(ani)1(sm)-1(,)1( and as Jol)1(y show)-1(s,)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(al)1(t)1(hough)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.514 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.351 0 Td [(som)-1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.471 0 Td [(r)1(e)1(m)-1(a)1(r)1(ks)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 3.585 0 Td [(m)-1(i)1(ght)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.343 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.351 0 Td [(be i)1(nt)1(er)1(pr)1(et)1(ed as dem)]TJ 8.614 0 Td [(onst)1(r)1(at)1(i)1(ng hi)1(s adher)1(ence )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.009 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 626.1547 64.44 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (42)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 61 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 62 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.06 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 56.7199 529.44 Tm [(t)1(o N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(oni)1(an t)1(hi)1(nki)1(ng,)1( t)1(he sam)-1(e r)1(em)-1(ar)1(ks m)-1(i)1(ght)1( j)1(ust)1( as easi)1(l)1(y be i)1(nt)1(er)1(pr)1(et)1(ed )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(as show)-1(i)1(ng t)1(he oppo)1(si)1(t)1(e.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.872 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.096 Tw -9.872 -1.608 Td [(Jol)1(y al)1(so di)1(st)1(i)1(ngui)1(shes bet)1(w)-1(een t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( cont)1(ent)1( of G)-1(eoffroy\222s affi)1(ni)1(t)1(y )]TJ 0.433 Tw T* [(t)1(abl)1(e,)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch cl)1(ear)1(l)1(y dr)1(ew)-1( on a S)-1(t)1(ahl)1(i)1(an m)-1(oder)1(ni)1(s)]TJ 0.434 Tw 22.668 0 Td [(at)1(i)1(on of t)1(radi)1(t)1(i)1(onal)1( )]TJ 0.348 Tw -22.668 -1.108 Td [(al)1(chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( chem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry,)1( and t)1(he i)1(dea i)1(t)1(sel)1(f )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.514 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.348 Tw 0.504 0 Td [( of br)1(i)1(ngi)1(ng t)1(oget)1(her)1( t)1(hese )]TJ 0.021 Tw -19.018 -1.102 Td [(experi)1(m)-1(ent)1(s i)1(nt)1(o a t)1(abl)1(e and )1(ar)1(rangi)1(ng t)2(hem)-1( i)1(n order)1( of \221)1(rappor)1(t)1(s)1(\222.)1( T)-1(h)1(e l)1(at)1(t)1(er )]TJ 0.384 Tw T* [(i)1(dea appear)1(s t)1(hor)1(oughl)1(y N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(oni)1(an,)1( and i)1(ndeed di)1(d so t)1(o G)-1(eoffr)1(oy\222)1(s )]TJ 0.074 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(successors.)1( H)-1(ow)-1(eve)]TJ 0.073 Tw 8.16 0 Td [(r)1(,)1( J)1(ol)1(y a)1(r)1(gue)1(s)1(,)1( w)-1(he)1(r)1(e)1( N)-1(e)1(w)-1(t)1(on ut)1(i)1(l)1(i)1(s)1(e)1(d c)1(he)1(m)-1(i)1(s)1(t)1(r)1(y onl)1(y t)1(o )]TJ -0.001 Tw -8.16 -1.102 Td [(but)1(t)1(r)1(ess hi)1(s gener)1(al)1( t)1(hesi)1(s,)1( G)-1(eoffr)1(oy hel)1(d st)1(r)1(i)1(ct)1(l)1(y t)1(o t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( dom)-1(ai)1(n.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 29.891 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.209 Tw -29.891 -1.608 Td [(M)-2(uch of G)-1(eoffroy\222s ow)-1(n chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( w)-1(ork,)1( as com)-1(m)-1(uni)1(cat)1(ed t)1(o t)1(he R)-1(oyal)1( )]TJ 0.4 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(Soc)1(i)2(e)1(t)2(y a)1(nd publ)2(i)2(s)1(he)1(d i)2(n t)2(he)1( Phi)2(l)2(os)1(ophi)2(c)1(a)1(l)2( Tr)1(a)1(ns)1(a)1(c)1(t)2(i)2(ons)]TJ [(,)1( w)-1(as not)1(abl)1(y )]TJ 0.211 Tw T* [(i)1(nfl)1(uenced by t)1(he w)-1(or)1(ks of S)-1(t)1(ahl)1( and B)-1(echer)1(,)1( and by an ol)1(der)1( chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( )]TJ 0.121 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(t)1(r)1(adi)1(t)1(i)1(on,)1( t)1(o t)1(he ext)1(ent)1( t)1(hat)1( hi)1(s C)-1(ar)1(t)1(esi)1(an r)1(i)1(val)1(s,)1( t)1(he L\351m)-1(er)1(ys,)1( cr)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(ci)1(sed hi)1(s )]TJ 0.158 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(w)-1(or)1(k and hi)1(s r)1(el)1(uct)1(ance t)1(o adopt)1( a r)1(educt)1(i)1(oni)1(st)1( m)-1(echani)1(sm)-1(.)1( T)-1(he L\351m)-1(er)1(ys )]TJ 0.061 Tw T* [(t)1(ook i)1(ssue w)-1(i)1(t)1(h G)-1(eoff)]TJ 8.86 0 Td [(r)1(oy bot)1(h on t)1(he)1( gr)1(ounds)1( of hi)1(s)1( r)1(e)1(fe)1(r)1(e)1(nc)1(e)1(s)1( t)1(o St)1(a)1(hl)1( a)1(nd )]TJ 0.449 Tw -8.86 -1.108 Td [(B)-1(echer w)-1(hi)1(l)1(e at)1( t)1(he sam)-1(e t)1(i)1(m)-1(e suspect)1(i)1(ng hi)1(m)-1( of an adherence t)1(o )]TJ 0.129 Tw T* [(N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(oni)1(ani)1(sm)-1(.)1( I)1(n t)1(hei)1(r)1( eyes,)1( w)-1(hat)1( al)1(l)1( t)1(hese doct)1(r)1(i)1(nes had i)1(n com)-1(m)-1(on w)-1(as )]TJ 0.164 Tw T* [(t)1(hei)1(r)1( l)1(ack of accom)-1(m)-1(odat)1(i)1(on of t)1(he m)-1(echani)1(st)1( r)1(educt)1(i)1(on of t)1(he obj)]TJ 0.165 Tw 28.195 0 Td [(ect)1(s of )]TJ 0.297 Tw -28.195 -1.108 Td [(chem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry t)1(o form)-1(,)1( ext)1(ensi)1(on and m)-1(ovem)-1(ent)1( t)1(hat)1(,)2( for)1( t)1(h)1(em)-1(,)1( const)1(i)1(t)1(ut)1(ed )]TJ 0.136 Tw T* [(m)-1(oder)1(n chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y.)1( G)-1(eoffr)1(oy,)1( Jol)1(y ar)1(gues,)1( di)1(d not)1( r)1(espond dogm)-1(at)1(i)1(cal)1(l)1(y t)1(o )]TJ 0.261 Tw T* [(t)1(hese at)1(t)1(acks,)1( nor)1( di)1(d he adopt)1( t)1(he post)1(ur)1(e of ei)1(t)1(her)1( a N)-1(ew)-1(t)1(oni)1(an or)1( a )]TJ 0.162 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(C)-1(art)1(esi)1(an.)1( H)-1(e w)-1(as si)1(m)-1(pl)1(y a chem)-1(i)1(st)]TJ 15.146 0 Td [(.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s,)1( he ar)1(gues,)1( w)-1(as w)-1(hat)1( m)-1(ade hi)1(s )]TJ -0.001 Tw -15.146 -1.102 Td [(t)1(abl)1(e des r)1(appor)1(t)1(s,)1( so successful)1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.105 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.067 Tw -13.105 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(he fi)1(nal)1( speaker)1(,)1( R)-1(em)-1(i)1( F)-1(r)1(anckow)-1(i)1(ak of U)-1(ni)1(ver)1(si)1(t)1(\351s de Li)1(l)1(l)1(e 1 and de Li)1(l)1(l)1(e )]TJ 0.047 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(3,)1( spoke on \221)1(D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os and t)1(he M)-2(echani)1(zat)1(i)1(on of C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(cal)1( Phi)1(l)1(osophy\222)1(.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s )]TJ 0.139 Tw T* [(paper)1( expl)1(or)1(ed t)1(en paper)1(s r)1(ead by Sa)]TJ 15.67 0 Td [(m)-1(uel)1( C)-1(ot)1(t)1(er)1(eau D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os 1669 t)1(o t)1(he )]TJ 0.175 Tw -15.67 -1.108 Td [(A)-2(cadem)-1(i)1(e R)-1(oyal)1(e des S)-1(ci)1(ences i)1(n P)-1(ari)1(s )1(on )1(t)1(he )1(su)1(bj)1(e)1(ct)1( )1(of R)-1(ober)1(t)1( )1(B)-1(oyl)1(e\222)1(s )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.284 Tw T* [(Te)1(nt)2(am)-1(i)2(na Chi)2(m)-1(i)2(c)1(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf [(.)1( R)-1(at)1(her)1( t)1(han di)1(scussi)1(ng di)1(r)1(ect)1(l)1(y D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os\222)1(s vi)1(ew)-1( of )]TJ 0.227 Tw T* [(B)-1(oyl)1(e\222s w)-1(ork,)1( F)-1(ranckow)-1(i)1(ak sought)1( t)1(o use hi)1(s di)1(scussi)1(on of t)1(he l)1(at)1(t)1(er t)1(o )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(el)1(uci)1(dat)1(e)]TJ 0.121 Tw 3.623 0 Td [( D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os\222s ow)-1(n phi)1(l)1(osophy of chem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry.)1( H)-1(e sought)2( t)1(o )1(show)-1( t)1(hat)1( )]TJ 0.331 Tw -3.623 -1.102 Td [(D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os ai)1(m)-1(ed t)1(o i)1(nt)1(r)1(oduced som)-1(e m)-1(echani)1(cal)1( consi)1(der)1(at)1(i)1(ons about)1( a )]TJ 0.188 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(di)1(vi)1(si)1(bl)1(e and passi)1(ve m)-1(at)1(t)1(er)1( t)1(hat)1( can be dr)1(i)1(ven by t)1(he act)1(i)1(on of a cause,)1( )]TJ 0.362 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(w)-1(hi)1(l)1(e at)1( t)1(he sam)-1(e t)1(i)1(m)-1(e r)1(educi)1(ng t)1(he t)1(angi)1(bl)1(e pr)1(oper)1(t)]TJ 23.813 0 Td [(i)1(es of bodi)1(es t)1(o )]TJ 0.089 Tw -23.813 -1.102 Td [(subst)1(ant)1(i)1(al)1( qual)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(es at)1(t)1(ached t)1(o t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( pri)1(nci)1(pl)1(es of w)-1(hi)1(ch t)1(hey w)-1(ere )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(m)-1(ade.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.064 Tw 0 -1.608 TD [(D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os sought)1( t)1(o appl)1(y B)-1(oyl)1(e\222)1(s ow)-1(n pr)1(act)1(i)1(ce t)1(o hi)1(s )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.899 0 Td [(Te)1(nt)2(am)-1(i)2(na Chi)2(m)-1(i)2(c)1(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 0.065 Tw [( in)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.141 Tw -21.899 -1.102 Td [(confront)1(i)1(ng hi)1(s doct)1(ri)1(ne w)-1(i)1(t)1(h hi)1(s pract)1(i)1(ce as set)1( out)1( i)1(n t)1(hat)1( w)-1(ork.)1( H)-1(e al)1(so )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD (confro)Tj 0.086 Tw 2.621 0 Td [(nt)1(ed i)1(t)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h hi)1(s ow)-1(n exper)1(i)1(m)-1(ent)1(s,)1( per)1(for)1(m)-1(ed befor)1(e hi)1(s A)-2(cadem)-1(i)1(ci)1(an )]TJ 0.143 Tw -2.621 -1.102 Td [(peer)1(s.)1( H)-1(e show)-1(ed t)1(hat)1( i)1(n m)-1(any of t)1(he cases ci)1(t)1(ed by B)-1(oyl)1(e,)1( t)1(her)1(e w)-1(as no )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.102 TD (cause)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.681 0 Td (of)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 1.289 0 Td [(th)-1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.227 0 Td ( )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.452 0 Td [(m)-2(o)-1(tio)-1(n)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.845 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.452 0 Td [(t)1(hat)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.506 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.452 0 Td [(r)1(e)1(s)1(ul)1(t)1(e)1(d)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 3.63 0 Td [(i)1(n new)-1( ar)1(r)1(angem)-1(ent)1(s of par)1(t)1(i)1(cl)1(es.)1( R)-1(at)1(her)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 203.6347 64.44 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (43)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.26 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 529.44 Tm [(t)1(han cal)1(l)1(i)1(ng i)1(nt)1(o quest)1(i)1(on B)-1(oyl)1(e\222)1(s e)]TJ 15.552 0 Td [(xper)1(i)1(m)-1(ent)1(s,)1( he si)1(m)-1(pl)1(y r)1(ej)1(ect)1(ed t)1(hei)1(r)1( )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw -15.552 -1.102 Td [(in)-1(te)-1(rp)-1(re)-1(ta)-1(tio)-1(n)-1(. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.91 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.393 Tw -5.91 -1.608 Td [(H)-1(ow)-1(ever)1(,)1( as Fr)1(anckow)-1(i)1(ak show)-1(s,)1( D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os di)1(d not)1( r)1(ej)1(ect)1( m)-1(echani)1(cal)1( )]TJ 0.056 Tw T* [(consi)1(derat)1(i)1(ons ent)1(i)1(rel)1(y.)1( Indeed he di)1(d refer t)1(o part)1(i)1(cl)1(es i)1(n m)-1(ot)1(i)1(on w)-1(hi)1(ch can)1( )]TJ 0.258 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(uni)1(t)1(e and bi)1(nd,)1( but)1( he confi)1(ned t)1(hese ki)1(nds of expl)1(anat)1(i)1(ons)]TJ 25.974 0 Td [( t)1(o t)1(angi)1(bl)1(e )]TJ 0.047 Tw -25.974 -1.102 Td [(bodi)1(es onl)1(y.)1( D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os\222)1(s chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( phi)1(l)1(osophy com)-1(bi)1(ned a Par)1(acel)1(si)1(an i)1(dea of )]TJ 0.136 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(t)1(w)-1(o r)1(eal)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(es \(one a t)1(angi)1(bl)1(e par)1(t)1(,)1( concer)1(ned w)-1(i)1(t)1(h m)-1(echani)1(cal)1( expl)1(anat)1(i)1(ons )]TJ 0.035 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(onl)1(y and t)1(he ot)1(her)1( a spi)1(r)1(i)1(t)1(ual)1( m)-1(at)1(t)1(er)1( ful)1(l)1( of for)1(ces and qual)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(es\))1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h a m)-1(or)1(e )]TJ 0.162 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(com)-1(pl)1(ex schem)-1(e)]TJ 6.882 0 Td [( t)1(hat)1( saw)-1( each body as com)-1(posed of t)1(hr)1(ee pr)1(i)1(nci)1(pl)1(es )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 22.763 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.162 Tw 0.504 0 Td ( a )Tj 0.183 Tw -30.149 -1.102 Td [(\221)1(na)1(t)1(ur)1(e)1(\222)1( pr)1(i)1(nc)1(i)1(pl)1(e)1(,)1( a)1(c)1(t)1(i)1(ve)1( a)1(nd i)1(nc)1(or)1(por)1(e)1(a)1(l)1(,)1( a)1(n i)1(nfor)1(m)-1(a)1(t)1(i)1(ve)1( c)1(a)1(us)1(e)1( t)1(ha)1(t)1( t)1(a)1(ke)1(s)1( )]TJ 0.081 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(pl)1(ace i)1(n t)1(he \221)1(body pr)1(i)1(nci)1(pl)1(e.)1( T)-1(he l)1(at)1(t)1(er)1( i)1(s concr)1(et)1(e and passi)1(ve and i)1(s m)-1(ade )]TJ 0.016 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(up of t)1(he el)1(em)-1(ent)1( of w)-1(at)1(er)1(,)1( t)1(o w)-1(hi)1(ch ai)1(r)1( and ea)]TJ 0.015 Tw 18.873 0 Td [(r)1(t)1(h e)1(l)1(e)1(m)-1(e)1(nt)1(s)1( a)1(r)1(e)1( a)1(t)1(t)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(d.)1( T)-1(he)1( )]TJ 0.117 Tw -18.873 -1.102 Td [(\221)1(s)1(pi)1(r)1(i)1(t)1(\222)1( pr)1(i)1(nc)1(i)1(pl)1(e)1( i)1(s)1( i)1(nt)1(e)1(r)1(m)-1(e)1(di)1(a)1(t)1(e)1( be)1(t)1(w)-1(e)1(e)1(n t)1(he)1( na)1(t)1(ur)1(e)1( pr)1(i)1(nc)1(i)1(pl)1(e)1( a)1(nd t)1(he)1( body )]TJ 0.187 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(pr)1(i)1(nci)1(pl)1(e,)1( est)1(abl)1(i)1(shi)1(ng a l)1(i)1(nk bet)1(w)-1(een t)1(he t)1(w)-1(o i)1(nst)1(ances of r)1(eal)1(i)1(t)1(y for)1( t)1(he )]TJ 0.351 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(const)1(i)1(t)1(ut)1(i)1(on of nat)1(ural)1( m)-1(i)1(xt)1(s.)1( F)-1(ranckow)-1(i)1(ak d)1(em)-1(onst)1(ra)1(t)1(e)1(s how)-1( D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw T* [(u)-1(til)]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.011 Tw [(i)1(sed t)1(hi)1(s syst)1(em)-1( t)1(o pr)1(ovi)1(de bot)1(h m)-1(echani)1(cal)1( and chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( expl)1(anat)1(i)1(ons of )]TJ 0.056 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( occurrences,)1( al)1(t)1(hough t)1(he m)-1(echani)1(cal)1( approach i)1(s on)1(l)1(y j)2(ust)1(i)1(fi)1(ed as )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(a fi)1(rst)1( and superfi)1(ci)1(al)1( approach t)1(o l)1(a)1(bor)1(at)1(ory p)1(henom)-1(ena.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 22.973 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.189 Tw -22.973 -1.608 Td [(D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os\222)1(s chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y t)1(hus m)-1(i)1(xes chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( and m)-1(echa)]TJ 22.605 0 Td [(ni)1(cal)1( r)1(easoni)1(ng i)1(n a )]TJ 0.352 Tw -22.605 -1.102 Td [(com)-1(pl)1(em)-1(ent)1(ary w)-1(ay.)1( F)-1(ranckow)-1(i)1(ak descri)1(bes D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os\222s chem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry as a )]TJ 0.123 Tw T* [(\221)1(c)1(he)1(m)-1(i)1(c)1(a)1(l)1( phys)1(i)1(c)1(s)1(\222)1(,)1( a)1(i)1(m)-1(i)1(ng for)1( know)-1(l)1(e)1(dge)1( of c)1(a)1(us)1(e)1(s)1( of na)1(t)1(ur)1(a)1(l)1( phe)1(nom)-1(e)1(na)1( )]TJ 0.089 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(and nat)1(ural)1( pri)1(nci)1(pl)1(es of bodi)1(es by experi)1(m)-1(ent)1(al)1( pract)1(i)1(ce.)1( B)-1(ut)1( part)1(i)1(cl)1(es,)1( for )]TJ 0.02 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(D)-1(u C)-1(l)1(os,)1( do not)1( r)1(ep)]TJ [(r)1(e)1(s)1(e)1(nt)1( t)1(he)1( ul)1(t)1(i)1(m)-1(a)1(t)1(e)1( founda)1(t)1(i)1(on of m)-1(a)1(t)1(t)1(e)1(r)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 24.279 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.021 Tw 0.504 0 Td [( )1(t)2(h)1(e)1( )1(t)2(r)1(u)1(e)1( )1(c)1(a)1(u)1(s)1(e)1(s)1( )]TJ 0.088 Tw -24.784 -1.102 Td [(m)-1(ust)1( be sought)1( on a m)-1(or)1(e fundam)-1(ent)1(al)1(,)1( chem)-1(i)1(cal)1(,)1( l)1(evel)1( w)-1(her)1(e t)1(he qual)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(es )]TJ 0.324 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(of a subst)1(ance ar)1(e t)1(he expr)1(essi)1(on of an i)1(nt)1(er)1(i)1(or)1( chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( act)1(i)1(vi)1(t)1(y.)1( A)-2(s )]TJ 0.103 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(Fr)1(a)1(nc)1(kow)-1(i)2(a)1(k c)1(onc)1(l)2(ude)1(s)1( \221)1(D)-1(u Cl)2(os)1(,)1( i)2(n t)2(he)1( H)-1(i)2(s)1(t)2(or)1(y of)1( Ch)]TJ 22.779 0 Td [(em)-1(i)1(st)1(ry,)1( m)-1(ay be t)1(he )]TJ 0.075 Tw -22.779 -1.102 Td [(fi)1(r)1(st)1( aft)1(er)1( B)-1(oyl)1(e t)1(o equi)1(p chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y w)-1(i)1(t)1(h m)-1(echani)1(cal)1( expl)1(anat)1(i)1(ons,)1( w)-1(hi)1(ch i)1(n )]TJ 0.086 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(addi)1(t)1(i)1(on i)1(s i)1(n a perfect)1(l)1(y coherent)1( form)-1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h a chem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry of)1( t)1(he )1(pri)1(nci)1(p)1(l)1(es\222)1(.)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(T)-1(he m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ng cl)1(osed w)-1(i)1(t)1(h a shor)1(t)1( r)1(ecept)1(i)1(on.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 17.091 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.079 Tw -17.091 -1.608 Td [(G)-1(eor)1(get)1(t)1(e T)-1(ayl)1(or)1( \(U)-1(ni)1(ver)1(si)1(t)1(y C)-1(ol)1(l)1(ege Lo)]TJ 16.77 0 Td [(ndon\))1(,)1( St)1(ephen Johnst)1(on \(M)-2(useum)-1( )]TJ 0.318 Tw -16.77 -1.102 Td [(of t)1(he H)-1(i)1(st)1(or)1(y of Sci)1(ence,)1( O)-1(xfor)1(d\))1(,)1( St)1(ephen C)-1(l)1(ucas \(B)-1(i)1(r)1(kbeck C)-1(ol)1(l)1(ege )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* (London\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.458 0 Td ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.274 Tw 12 0 0 12 479.2399 157.44 Tm [(American Chemical S)7(ociety )]TJ 0 Tw (\226)Tj ( )Tj 0.274 Tw 13.92 0 Td (Division of the History of )Tj 0 Tw -13.92 -0.915 Td (Chemistry )Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 130.44 Tm [(I)1(t)1( i)1(s)1( ha)1(r)1(d t)1(o be)1(l)1(i)1(e)1(ve)1( t)1(ha)1(t)1( w)-1(e)1( a)1(r)1(e)1( a)1(l)1(r)1(e)1(a)1(dy s)1(i)1(x m)-1(ont)1(hs)1( i)1(nt)1(o m)-1(y r)1(e)1(s)1(pons)1(i)1(bi)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(e)1(s)1( a)1(s)1( )]TJ 0.108 Tw T* [(chai)1(r of H)-1(IS)-1(T)-1(.)1( It)1( has been a busy t)1(i)1(m)-1(e w)-1(i)1(t)1(h a l)1(ow)-1( and a num)-1(ber of hi)1(ghs.)1( )]TJ 0.112 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(Fi)2(r)1(s)1(t)2( t)2(he)1( l)2(ow)-1(,)1( t)2(he)1( pa)1(s)1(s)1(i)2(ng of)1( J)1(a)1(c)1(k St)2(oc)1(ke)1(r)1(,)1( H)-1(I)1(ST\222)1(s)1( j)2(ol)2(l)2(y good f)1(e)1(l)2(l)2(ow)-1(,)1( c)1(hi)2(e)1(f)1( )]TJ 0.075 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(j)1(okest)1(er)1(,)1( gr)1(and cheer)1(l)1(eader)1(,)1( and t)1(r)1(ue chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( hi)1(st)1(or)1(i)1(an.)1( T)-1(he H)-1(I)1(S)-1(T)-1( scene at)1( )]TJ 0.147 Tw T* [(nat)1(i)1(onal)1( A)-2(C)-1(S m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ngs w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( be v)]TJ 13.819 0 Td [(ery di)1(fferent)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(hout)1( Jack\222s presence.)1( T)-1(o )]TJ -0.001 Tw -13.819 -1.108 Td [(honor)1( Jack,)1( H)-1(I)1(ST)-1( w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( have a speci)1(al)1( sym)-1(posi)1(um)-1( at)1( t)1(he Spr)1(i)1(ng 2010 m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ng )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 31.064 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 626.1547 59.46 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (44)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 63 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 64 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.017 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 56.7199 529.44 Tm [(i)1(n S)-1(an F)-1(r)1(anci)1(sco.)1( A)-2(l)1(t)1(hough w)-1(e w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( i)1(nvi)1(t)1(e som)-1(e speaker)1(s,)1( I)1( w)-1(oul)1(d encour)1(age )]TJ 0.048 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(any of you w)-1(ho desi)1(re t)1(o present)1( a paper,)1( a rem)-1(em)-1(brance,)1( a )]TJ 24.723 0 Td [(st)1(ory t)1(o cont)1(act)1( )]TJ 0.233 Tw -24.723 -1.108 Td [(m)-1(e so w)-1(e can get)1( t)1(i)1(t)1(l)1(e,)1( abst)1(r)1(act)1(,)1( t)1(i)1(m)-1(e )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 16.762 0 Td (\226)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.233 Tw 0.504 0 Td [( a)1(l)1(l)1( of)1( t)1(hos)1(e)1( of)1(f)1(i)1(c)1(i)1(a)1(l)1( i)1(s)1(s)1(ue)1(s)1(.)1( I)1(n )]TJ 0.045 Tw -17.266 -1.102 Td [(addi)1(t)1(i)1(on,)1( I pl)1(an t)1(o have an \221open m)-1(i)1(ke\222 sess)1(i)1(on at)1( t)1(he end of t)1(he sym)-1(posi)1(um)-1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(for)1( t)1(hose w)-1(ho w)-1(ant)1( t)1(o j)1(ust)1( add a few)-1( com)-1(m)-1(ent)1(s.)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.492 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.04 Tw -19.492 -1.608 Td [(N)-1(ow)-1( for)1( t)1(he hi)1(ghs.)1( Your)1( Execut)1(i)1(ve C)-1(om)-1(m)-1(i)1(t)]TJ 17.896 0 Td [(t)1(ee has been w)-1(or)1(ki)1(ng st)1(eadi)1(l)1(y t)1(o )]TJ 0.262 Tw -17.896 -1.102 Td [(shape t)1(he fut)1(ure of H)-1(IS)-1(T)-1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(hi)1(n t)1(he current)1( professi)1(onal)1( and econom)-1(i)1(c )]TJ 0.152 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(envi)1(ronm)-1(ent)1(.)1( F)-1(i)1(rst)1(,)1( w)-1(e have fi)1(nal)1(i)1(z)1(ed)1( and for)1(m)-1(al)1(i)1(zed our associ)1(at)1(i)1(on w)-1(i)1(t)1(h )]TJ 0.095 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(C)-1(H)-1(F)-1(.)1( W)-2(e are st)1(i)1(l)1(l)1( w)-1(orki)1(ng,)1( w)-1(i)1(t)1(h R)-1(oger E)-1(gol)1(f as our represent)1(at)1(i)1(ve,)1( t)1(o best)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw T* [(fr)1(am)]TJ 0.085 Tw 1.896 0 Td [(e t)1(hi)1(s rel)1(at)1(i)1(onshi)1(p.)1( B)-1(ut)1( i)1(t)1( i)1(s i)1(m)-1(port)1(ant)1( for bot)1(h H)-1(IS)-1(T)-1( and C)-1(H)-1(F)-1( t)1(hat)1( w)-1(e )]TJ 0.206 Tw -1.896 -1.108 Td [(com)-1(pl)1(em)-1(ent)1(,)1( not)1( dupl)1(i)1(cat)1(e,)1( our m)-1(ut)1(ual)1( )1(eff)1(ort)1(s t)1(o support)1( t)1(he progress of )]TJ 0.165 Tw T* [(chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( hi)1(st)1(ory.)1( It)1( shoul)1(d be)1( not)1(ed t)1(hat)1( Jack S)-1(t)1(ocker has been si)2(nc)1(e t)1(he )]TJ 0.151 Tw T* [(begi)1(nni)1(ng an offi)1(ci)1(al)1( A)-2(C)-1(S r)1(epr)1(esent)1(at)1(i)]TJ 16.111 0 Td [(ve t)1(o t)1(he C)-1(H)-1(F gr)1(oup.)1( A)-2(C)-1(S has not)1( )]TJ 0.017 Tw -16.111 -1.108 Td [(i)1(ndi)1(cat)1(ed yet)1( w)-1(ho w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( t)1(ake hi)1(s pl)1(ace,)1( but)1( he w)-1(as al)1(so a gr)1(eat)1( H)-1(I)1(S)-1(T)-1( i)1(nfl)1(uence )]TJ 0.011 Tw T* [(on C)-1(H)-1(F i)1(n t)1(hat)1( posi)1(t)1(i)1(on.)1( Second,)1( w)-1(e ar)1(e t)1(aki)1(ng a det)1(ai)1(l)1(ed l)1(ook at)1( t)1(he fundi)1(ng )]TJ 0.094 Tw T* (of on)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.094 Tw 2.523 0 Td [(goi)1(ng pr)1(ogr)1(am)-1(s and aw)-1(ar)1(ds of H)-1(I)1(ST)-1(.)1( T)-1(hi)1(s i)1(s far)1( fr)1(om)-1( com)-1(pl)1(et)1(ed)]TJ 26.857 0 Td [( but)1( )]TJ 0.243 Tw -29.38 -1.108 Td [(w)-1(e ar)1(e m)-1(ovi)1(ng for)1(w)-1(ar)1(d.)1( St)1(ay t)1(uned for)1( m)-1(or)1(e i)1(n t)1(he fut)1(ur)1(e.)1( T)-1(hi)1(r)1(d,)1( Set)1(h )]TJ 0.241 Tw T* [(R)-1(asm)-1(ussen i)1(s t)1(o be congrat)1(ul)1(at)1(ed i)1(n t)1(he fi)1(rst)1( t)1(w)-1(o program)-1(s t)1(hat)1( he has )]TJ 0.085 Tw T* [(arranged for S)-1(al)1(t)1( L)-1(ake C)-1(i)1(t)1(y and for)1( W)-3(ashi)1(ngt)1(on )1(D)-1(C)-1(.)1( A)-2(nd )1(from)-1( t)1(he l)1(ook of )]TJ 0.053 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(fut)1(ur)1(e m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ngs,)1( he has t)1(aken a st)1(r)1(ong)]TJ 15.52 0 Td [( yet)1( cr)1(eat)1(i)1(ve appr)1(oach t)1(o our)1( N)-1(at)1(i)1(onal)1( )]TJ 0.075 Tw -15.52 -1.102 Td [(M)-2(eet)1(i)1(ngs program)-1(m)-1(i)1(ng.)1( O)-1(ne area t)1(he D)-1(i)1(vi)1(si)1(on of H)-1(i)1(st)1(ory needs t)1(o i)1(m)-1(prove )]TJ 0.017 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(i)1(s our)1( pr)1(ogr)1(am)-1(m)-1(i)1(ng at)1( R)-1(egi)1(onal)1( M)-2(eet)1(i)1(ngs.)1( W)-2(e need YO)-1(U)-1(R)-1( hel)1(p.)1( Ever)1(y year)1( )]TJ 0.144 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(t)1(her)1(e ar)1(e seven t)1(o t)1(en r)1(egi)1(onal)1( m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ngs.)1( T)-1(hi)1(nk of your)1( i)1(nt)1(er)1(est)1(s,)1( t)1(hi)1(nk o)]TJ -0.002 Tw 30.674 0 Td (f )Tj 0.055 Tw -30.674 -1.102 Td [(your)1( ar)1(ea,)1( l)1(ook at)1( t)1(he schedul)1(e of r)1(egi)1(onal)1( m)-1(eet)1(i)1(ngs and hel)1(p us br)1(i)1(ng m)-1(or)1(e )]TJ 0.3 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(H)-1(I)1(ST)-1( pr)1(ogr)1(am)-1(m)-1(i)1(ng t)1(o t)1(he r)1(egi)1(ons.)1( Four)1(t)1(h,)1( w)-1(e ar)1(e w)-1(or)1(ki)1(ng for)1( fur)1(t)1(her)1( )]TJ 0.192 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(coordi)1(nat)1(i)1(on of our act)1(i)1(vi)1(t)1(i)1(es w)-1(i)1(t)1(h ot)1(her D)-1(i)1(vi)1(si)1(ons and organi)1(zat)1(i)1(ons.)1( Joe )]TJ 0.262 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(Jeffers i)1(s our cont)1(act)1( person for w)]TJ 0.261 Tw [(or)1(ki)1(ng w)-1(i)1(t)1(h t)1(he D)-1(i)1(vi)1(si)1(onal)1( A)-2(ct)1(i)1(vi)1(t)1(i)1(es )]TJ 0.237 Tw T* [(C)-1(om)-1(m)-1(i)1(t)1(t)1(ee i)1(n l)1(ooki)1(ng at)1( l)1(ong range and t)1(hem)-1(at)1(i)1(c program)-1(m)-1(i)1(ng.)1( A)-2(s our )]TJ 0.028 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(for)1(m)-1(er)1( pr)1(ogr)1(am)-1( chai)1(r)1(,)1( he does under)1(st)1(and our)1( i)1(nt)1(er)1(est)1(s and our)1( abi)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(es.)1( B)-1(ut)1( )]TJ 0.018 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(agai)1(n,)1( w)-1(e need you t)1(o st)1(ep forw)-1(ard t)1(o hel)1(p expand t)1(he range and di)1(versi)1(t)]TJ 0.017 Tw 29.401 0 Td (y of )Tj 0.072 Tw -29.401 -1.102 Td [(our)1( pr)1(ogr)1(am)-1(m)-1(i)1(ng.)1( Fi)1(ft)1(h,)1( one ar)1(ea w)-1(e 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[(O)-1(xfor)1(d U)-1(ni)1(ver)1(si)1(t)1(y,)1( O)-1(xfor)]TJ 10.764 0 Td [(d B)-1(r)1(ookes U)-1(ni)1(ver)1(si)1(t)1(y,)1( M)-2(ai)1(son )]TJ 0.129 Tw -18.195 -1.102 Td [(Fr)1(a)1(n\347)-3(a)1(i)2(s)1(e)1( d\222)1(O)-1(xf)1(or)1(d,)1( a)1(nd Soc)1(i)2(e)1(t)2(y f)1(or)1( t)2(he)1( H)-1(i)2(s)1(t)2(or)1(y of)1( A)-1(l)2(c)1(he)1(m)-1(y &)-6( Che)1(m)-1(i)2(s)1(t)2(r)1(y )]TJ -0.002 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(sem)-1(i)1(nar\) )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.764 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -3.764 -1.602 Td [(Pr)1(ovi)2(s)1(i)2(ona)1(l)2( Pr)1(ogr)1(a)1(m)-1(m)-1(e)1(:)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.788 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.072 Tw -9.788 -1.608 Td [(Fe)1(b.)1( 25)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 87.4509 344.46 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.072 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 92.1179 340.44 Tm [( 2010 \221)1(N)-1(e)1(w)-1( Re)1(s)1(e)1(a)1(r)1(c)1(he)1(r)1(s)1(\222)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf [(H)-1(i)1(st)1(ory Facul)1(t)1(y,)1( O)-1(l)1(d Boy\222)1(s H)-1(i)1(gh School)1(,)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw -3.554 -1.102 Td [(G)-1(eorge St)1(reet)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.604 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.253 Tw -5.604 -1.608 Td [(G)-1(eor)1(get)1(t)1(e T)-1(ayl)1(or)1(,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 7.895 0 Td (UCL)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.253 Tw 1.953 0 Td [(,)1( \221)1(Pedagogi)1(cal)1( )]TJ 6.501 0 Td [(pr)1(ogeni)1(t)1(ur)1(e or)1( t)1(act)1(i)1(cal)1( t)1(r)1(ansl)1(at)1(i)1(o)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.613 0 Td (n)Tj 0.001 Tw 0.602 0 Td (? )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.593 Tw -30.565 -1.102 Td [(G)-1(eor)1(ge For)1(dyce\222)1(s addi)1(t)1(i)1(ons and m)-1(odi)1(fi)1(cat)1(i)1(ons t)1(o W)-2(i)1(l)1(l)1(i)1(am)-1( C)-1(ul)1(l)1(en\222)1(s )]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(phi)1(l)1(osophi)1(cal)1( chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y\222)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.954 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.064 Tw -9.954 -1.602 Td [(Fr)1(a)1(n\347)-3(oi)2(s)1( Pe)1(pi)2(n,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.631 0 Td [(U)-1(ni)1(versi)1(t)1(\351 Pari)1(s)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.674 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.334 0 Td [(O)-1(uest)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.064 Tw 2.342 0 Td [(,)1( \221)1(D)-1(i)1(der)1(ot)1( and chem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y:)1( a m)-1(odel)1( of )]TJ -0.001 Tw -15.982 -1.108 Td [(experi)1(m)-1(ent)1(al)1( phi)1(l)1(osophy\222)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.289 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -10.289 -1.602 Td [(M)-2(arch 11)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 95.3185 252.48 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 99.9855 248.46 Tm [( \221)1(N)-1(ew)-1( R)-1(esear)1(cher)1(s\222)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.916 0 Td ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.251 0 Td [(H)-1(i)1(st)1(ory Facul)1(t)1(y)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.33 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -18.841 -1.608 Td [( C)-1(at)1(her)1(i)1(ne )-499(Jackson,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 9.083 0 Td (UCL)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.498 Tw 1.953 0 Td [(,)1( [on t)1(he devel)1(opm)-1(ent)1( of synt)1(het)1(i)1(c or)1(gani)1(c )]TJ -0.001 Tw -11.036 -1.102 Td [(chem)-1(i)1(st)1(ry i)1(n academ)-1(i)1(c cont)1(ext)1(s duri)1(ng t)1(he 19t)1(h cent)1(ury,)1( t)1(i)1(t)1(l)1(e t)1(bc])]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 26.152 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.04 Tw -26.152 -1.608 Td [(Er)1(i)1(k La)1(ngl)1(i)1(na)1(y,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.634 0 Td [(EH)-1(SS,)1( Par)1(i)1(s)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.061 0 Td [(,)1( \221)1(Scal)1(es and spaces of t)1(he chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( i)1(ndust)1(r)1(y i)1(n )]TJ -0.001 Tw -11.695 -1.102 Td [(Fr)1(a)1(nc)1(e)1(,)1( 1890)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.242 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.336 0 Td (1930\222)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.342 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.147 Tw -7.92 -1.608 Td [(A)-2(pri)1(l)1( 29)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 91.8058 182.46 Tm (th)Tj 9.96 0 0 9.96 96.4728 178.44 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.147 Tw 0.399 0 Td [(\221)1(Che)1(m)-1(i)1(s)1(t)1(r)1(y i)1(n t)1(he)1( Low)-1( Count)1(r)1(i)1(e)1(s)1( i)1(n t)1(he)1( 19)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 280.4562 182.46 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.147 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 285.1232 178.44 Tm ( and 20)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 317.5068 182.46 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.147 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 322.1738 178.44 Tm [( cent)1(ur)1(i)1(es\222)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -0.001 Tw -26.652 -1.102 Td [(M)-1(ai)2(s)1(on Fr)1(an\347)1(ai)2(s)1(e)1(,)1( Nor)1(ham)-1( Road)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.498 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.163 Tw -13.498 -1.608 Td [(Er)1(ns)1(t)1( H)-1(om)-1(be)1(r)1(g,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.993 0 Td [(U)-1(ni)1(versi)1(t)1(y of)1( M)-1(aast)1(ri)1(cht)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.2 0 Td (,)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.163 Tw 0.251 0 Td [( \221)1(Che)1(m)-1(i)1(s)1(t)1(s)1( a)1(nd c)1(he)1(m)-1(i)1(s)1(t)1(r)1(y i)1(n t)1(he)1( )]TJ -0.001 Tw -17.444 -1.102 Td [(N)-1(et)1(her)1(l)1(ands,)1( 1830)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.361 0 Td (-)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.336 0 Td [(1960.)1(\222)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -7.697 -1.608 Td [(B)-1(ri)1(gi)1(t)1(t)1(e van T)-1(i)1(ggel)1(en,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.09 0 Td [(C)-1(at)1(hol)1(i)1(c U)-1(ni)1(versi)1(t)1(y of)1( L)-1(ouvai)1(n )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 0 Tw 12.716 0 Td [(\()-1(title)-1( tb)]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 2.928 0 Td (c\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.051 Tw -25.515 -1.608 Td [(T)-1(hi)1(s sem)-1(i)1(nar)1( w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( be fol)1(l)1(ow)-1(ed by a r)1(ecept)1(i)1(on and pr)1(esent)1(at)1(i)1(on of t)1(he M)-2(or)1(r)1(i)1(s )]TJ 0.004 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(A)-2(w)-1(ard of t)1(he S)-1(oci)1(et)1(y for t)1(he H)-1(i)1(st)1(ory of A)-2(l)1(chem)-1(y and C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(st)1(r)1(y t)1(o)1( P)-1(r)1(ofessor )]TJ 0.255 Tw 0 -1.102 TD [(R)-1(ay S)-1(t)1(okes,)1( U)-1(ni)1(versi)1(t)1(y of G)-1(l)1(asgow)-1(,)1( for hi)1(s w)-1(ork on t)1(he hi)1(st)1(ory of t)1(he )]TJ -0.001 Tw 0 -1.108 TD [(G)-1(er)1(m)-1(an chem)-1(i)1(cal)1( i)1(ndust)1(r)1(y.)1( Pr)1(ofes)]TJ 13.718 0 Td [(sor S)-1(t)1(okes w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( t)1(hen gi)1(ve a l)1(ect)1(ure.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.858 0 Td ( )Tj 9 0 0 9 203.6347 59.46 Tm (-)Tj 0.334 0 Td (47)Tj (-)Tj 1.334 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.019 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 479.2399 529.44 Tm [(W)-2(e)1(dne)1(sda)1(y M)-2(a)1(y 12)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 559.612 533.46 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.018 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 564.279 529.44 Tm [(\221)1(Che)1(m)-1(i)1(s)1(t)1(r)1(y a)1(nd pha)1(r)1(m)-1(a)1(c)1(y i)1(n t)1(he)1( c)1(ol)1(oni)1(a)1(l)1( w)-1(or)1(l)1(d\222)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -0.002 Tw 19.738 0 Td [(C)-1(ent)1(re )]TJ -0.001 Tw -28.276 -1.102 Td [(f)1(or t)1(he H)-1(i)1(st)1(ory of)1( M)-2(edi)1(ci)1(ne,)1( O)-1(xf)1(ord Brookes U)-1(ni)1(versi)1(t)1(y,)1( G)-1(i)1(psy L)-1(ane)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 27.355 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.088 Tw -27.355 -1.608 Td [(Fl)2(or)1(i)2(a)1(ne)1( Bl)2(a)1(nc)1(,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.619 0 Td [(U)-1(ni)1(versi)1(t)1(\351 de Lyon 1)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.66 0 Td (,)Tj 0.251 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.088 Tw 0.34 0 Td [(\221)1(T)-1(he)1( D)-1(a)1(ka)1(r)1( Fa)1(c)1(ul)1(t)1(y of M)-1(e)1(di)1(c)1(i)1(ne)1( a)1(nd )]TJ -0.002 Tw -15.87 -1.102 Td (Ph)Tj -0.001 Tw [(arm)-1(acy,)1( part)1( of a gl)1(obal)1( pl)1(an?)1(\222)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.381 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.014 Tw -13.381 -1.608 Td [(St)2(ua)1(r)1(t)2( A)-1(nde)1(r)1(s)1(on,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf [(London Sc)1(hool)2( of)2( H)-1(y)1(gi)2(e)1(ne)1( and Tr)1(opi)2(c)1(al)2( M)-1(e)1(di)2(c)1(i)2(ne)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 0.016 Tw 27.312 0 Td [(, \221S)-1(e)-1(ttin)-1(g)-1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc 0.126 Tw -27.312 -1.102 Td [(t)1(he S)-1(t)1(andar)1(d:)1( T)-1(he )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf [(Br)1(i)1(t)1(i)1(s)1(h Phar)1(m)-1(ac)1(opoe)1(i)1(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.001 Tc 0.127 Tw 17.296 0 Td [( as an)-1( In)-1(stru)-1(m)-2(en)-1(t o)-1(f)-1( Im)-2(p)-1(erialism)-2( )]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -17.296 -1.108 Td [(1864 t)1(o1932\222)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.382 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.037 Tw -5.382 -1.602 Td [(W)-2(e)1(dne)1(sda)1(y M)-2(a)1(y 26)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 559.9684 441.48 Tm (th)Tj 0.002 Tc 0.037 Tw 9.96 0 0 9.96 564.6354 437.46 Tm [( \(dat)1(e t)1(bc\) \221C)-1(hem)-1(i)1(cal)1( advent)1(ures:)1( t)1(he search fo)]TJ 0.036 Tw 19.025 0 Td [(r)1( na)1(t)1(ur)1(a)1(l)1( )]TJ -0.002 Tw -27.599 -1.108 Td [(pr)1(oduct)1(s\222)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -0.001 Tw 4.043 0 Td [(M)-1(ai)2(s)1(on Fr)1(an\347)1(ai)2(s)1(e)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.334 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc 0.072 Tw -11.377 -1.602 Td [(La)1(ur)1(e)1(nt)1( Sor)1(c)1(e)1(l)1(l)1(e)1(,)1( )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf [(j)1(ournal)1(i)1(st)1(,)1( Pari)1(s)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.967 0 Td [(,)1( w)-1(i)1(l)1(l)1( di)1(scuss hi)1(s novel)1(,)1( )]TJ 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